FIRST DIVISION
[ G.R. No. 248616, January 12, 2021 ]
GALILEO A. MAGLASANG, PETITIONER, VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, RESPONDENT.
D E C I S I O N
CARANDANG, J.:
Before this Court is a Petition for Review on Certiorari1 filed by petitioner Galileo A. Maglasang (Galileo) assailing the Decision2 dated December 14, 2018 and the Resolution3 dated July 17, 2019 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR No. 01649-MIN. The CA affirmed the Judgment4 dated November 17, 2017 and the Order5 dated March 22, 2018 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Cagayan de Oro City, Branch 20, in Criminal Case No. 2014-1164. The fallo of the Judgment provides:
WHEREFORE, there being proof beyond reasonable doubt, accused Galileo A. Maglasang is found guilty.
Pursuant to the Supreme Court Administrative Circular No. 08-2008 issued on 25 January 2008, accused is meted to pay a fine of P4,000.00.
SO ORDERED.6 (Emphasis in the original)
Facts of the Case
Galileo was charged with libel under Article 353 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC) in a Reproduced Information7 dated February 22, 2016. The Reproduced Information is based on the Resolution8 dated June 13, 2014 of Assistant City Prosecutor Abol Alam A. Padate. The Reproduced Information states:
That on 30 March 2014, in the City of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, illegally, criminally and with the intention of attacking the honesty, virtue and reputation of offended parties CAPT. RENE A. MAGLASANG and ENGR. NELIA COCOS, who is the newly-elected President of Misamis Institute of Technology (MIT) and Registrar of MIT-Ozamis City, respectively, and for the further purpose of exposing the latter to public hatred, contempt and ridicule, wrote, composed and caused the publication of a LETTER-COMPLAINT, which contains injurious, malicious and defamatory imputations of an alleged illegal act committed by the offended parties, the pertinent provision of said letter reads, thus:
COMMO Ferdinand M. Velasco PCG
Commander
Coast Guard District Northern Mindanao
Corrales Extension, Macabalan,
Cagayan De Oro City
Dear Commander Velasco,
Re: Spurious S.O.'s and CAV's of graduates of the Misamis Institute of Technology CHED Region Office X
xxxx
I write in my capacity as President of the Misamis Institute of Technology, Inc. (hereafter, "MIT"), in relation to the case, entitled MISAMIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC versus ZENAIDA GERSANA, CHEDRO X Regional Director, and ROY ROQUE U. AGCORPA, CHEDRO X Chief Administrative Officer, now pending before the Office of the Executive Director of the Commission on Higher Education (hereafter, "CHED").
As a consequence to the above-mentioned case, we uncovered that CHED Region Office X at Cagayan de Oro City had turned over S.O. 's and CAV's to Rene A. Maglasang and to persons associated with him, including Engr. Nelia Cocos, who, in turn, sold said documents to unsuspecting students and graduates of MIT.
Rene A. Maglasang and all persons who take instructions from him, including Engr. Nelia Cocos, have nothing to do with MIT and do not have in their custody the academic records of the students and graduates of MIT to whom these S.O.'s and CAV's pertain.
x x x x
Very Truly Yours,
Sgd. Galileo A. Maglasang
with which statements, the said accused meant and intended to convey, as in .fact he did mean and convey false and malicious imputation that the said offended parties were unscrupulous and devious individuals which imputations as he well knew, were false and malicious, offensive and derogatory to the good name, character and reputation of the offended parties and that the said letter was solely written and circulated by the said accused for no other purpose than to impeach and besmirch the good name, character and reputation of the offended parties, in order to expose him, as in fact, he was exposed to dishonor, discredit, public hatred, contempt and ridicule, to their damage and prejudice.
Contrary to law.9 (Emphasis and italics in the original.)
Galileo was originally scheduled to be arraigned on February 3, 2015. However, a fire destroyed the records of this case on January 30, 2015. Thus, the Office of the City Prosecutor prayed for the reconstitution of the records of the case.10 This was granted by the RTC in an Order11 dated November 12, 2015. On June 2, 2016, Galileo was arraigned and pleaded not guilty.12
Respondent presented private complainant Rene A. Maglasang (Rene) and Ensign Ronnie Rey de la Vega Pabico (P/Ens Pabico), Community Relations Officer of the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) in Northern Mindanao, as its witnesses. According to respondent, Engineer Allan A. Maglasang (Engr. Allan), Rene, and Galileo's brother, who is also a part of the PCG, called Rene on March 31, 2014 to inform him that the office of Commodore Ferdinand Velasco (Commo Velasco), Commander of the PCG Region X, Cagayan de Oro City, received a letter dated March 30, 2014 from Galileo.13 The letter reads:
I write in my capacity as President of the Misamis Institute of Technology, Inc. (hereafter, "MIT"), in relation to the case, entitled MISAMIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC. versus ZENAIDA GERSANA, CHEDRO X Regional Director, and ROY ROQUE U. AGCORPA, CHEDRO X Chief Administrative Officer, now pending before the Office of the Executive Director of the Commission on Higher Education (hereafter, "CHED").
As a consequence to the above-mentioned case, we uncovered that CHED Region Office X at Cagayan de Oro City had turned over S.O.'s and CAV's to Rene A. Maglasang and to persons associated with him, including Engr. Nelia Cocos, who, in turn sold said documents to unsuspecting students and graduates of MIT.
Rene A. Maglasang and all persons who take instructions from him, including Engr. Nelia Cocos, have nothing to do with MIT and do not have in their custody the academic records of the students and graduates of MIT to whom these S.O.'s and CAV's pertain.
In an effort to avert damage the issuance of these spurious S.O.'s and CAV's, the Office of the Executive Director of CHED, in the letter, dated March 6, 2014, machine copy of which attached hereto as Annex A, addressed to me clarified that indeed the issuance of the S.O.'s and the CAV's to persons who do not have custody of the academic records of the students and graduates of MIT to whom the S.O.'s and CAV's pertain is irregular. Consequently, the Office of the Executive Director of CHED, in the Memorandum from the Office of the Executive Director, dated March 27, 2014, machine copy of which attached hereto as Annex B, directed ZENAIDA GERSANA, CHEDRO X Regional Director, to issue the S.O.'s and CAV's in accordance with the proper procedure of CHED.
The Office of the Executive Director of CHED, in both the letter, dated March 6, 2014 (Annex A) and the Memorandum from the Office of the Executive Director, dated March 27, 2014 (Annex B), specifically addressed me, not Rene A. Maglasang, as the President of MIT.
I, therefore, request your good office not to accept the following S.O.'s and CAV's issued by CHEDRO X, to wit: x x x .
The foregoing list may not have been exhaustive. I, therefore, request that any document which appears to be signed by Rene A. Maglasang in which he described himself as the President of MIT, and by Engr. Nelia Cocos, in which she described herself as the Registrar MIT, be referred to the Office of the Executive Director of CHED for authenticity.
Lastly, may I request that your good office verify the foregoing matter with the Office of the Executive Director of CHED.
Thank you for your giving me your precious time and attention.14 (Emphasis in the original.)
Upon Rene's request, Engr. Allan obtained a copy of the letter and gave it to Rene. Rene, his family, and the staff of the Misamis Institute of Technology, Inc. (MIT) read the letter. Rene felt insulted and maligned by the accusations in the letter. As such, he and Engr. Nelia Cocos (Engr. Cocos; collectively, private complainants) filed a complaint-affidavit for libel against Galileo. Galileo was charged with libel.15
Galileo did not present any evidence in his defense16 but submitted a Memorandum17 to the RTC. Galileo argued in his Memorandum that the original letter was not presented as evidence. Respondent was unable to prove that the original letter was destroyed or lost. Hence, the case should be dismissed, and Galileo should be acquitted.18
Ruling of the Regional Trial Court
In its Judgment19 dated November 17, 2017, the RTC found Galileo guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of libel and imposed the penalty of a fine of P4,000.00 upon him.20 The RTC held that all the elements of libel under Article 353 of the RPC were established in this case. The prosecution presented Rene and P/Ens Pabico as its witnesses. P/Ens Pabico testified as to the existence of the letter addressed to Commo Velasco that was on file in their office. First, Galileo's letter destroyed the character of private complainants by imputing that they committed irregularities, specifically selling Special Orders (SOs) and Certification, Authentication, and Verification (CAVs) to students of MIT even though they have nothing to do with MIT and do not have custody of the records of its students and graduates. Second, these imputations were malicious. Galileo did not present evidence to overcome the presumption that every defamatory imputation is malicious, even if it be true, if no good intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown. Third, the imputations made by Galileo were addressed to private complainants who are natural persons. Fourth, the malicious imputations made by Galileo brought dishonor, discredit, or contempt upon private complainants. Fifth, Galileo sent the letter to a third person, namely Commo Velasco. Rene learned about the letter through Engr. Allan. Hence, the element of publication, which requires the delivery of the libelous matter by mailing it, reading it, or communicating its purpose in any manner to any person other than the one libeled, was satisfied.21
Under the RPC, libel is punishable by imprisonment of prison correccional in its minimum and maximum period or a fine ranging from P200.00 to P6,000.00, or both, in addition to the civil action that may be brought by the offended party.22 Pursuant to this Court's Administrative Circular No. 08-200823 issued on January 25, 2008, the RTC considered the following factors in imposing a penalty of a fine alone on Galileo: (1) Rene and Galileo are full-blooded brothers; (2) they are not in good terms because both were claiming to be the President of MIT; (3) this is the first time that Rene sued Galileo for libel; and (4) Engr. Cocos did not testify.24
Galileo filed a motion for reconsideration,25 but it was denied.26 He then appealed to the CA.27
Ruling of the Court of Appeals
On December 14, 2018, the CA rendered its Decision28 affirming the Judgment of the RTC. The CA held that respondent was able to establish that the original letter was unavailable and cannot be produced in Court. Therefore, the RTC was correct in admitting the photocopy of the letter as evidence pursuant to Section 5, Rule 130 of the Revised Rules on Evidence. The CA gave credence to the testimony of P/Ens Pabico that Commo Velasco's secretary emailed a copy of the letter to him sometime in January or February 2017. The secretary is no longer connected with PCG while Commo Velasco is under investigation and is in a floating status. P/Ens Pabico confirmed that his office received a copy of the letter.29
The CA also agreed with the RTC that all the elements of libel are present in the case, namely identifiability, defamatory allegation, and malice. Private complainants were clearly identified in the letter. The statements in the letter are defamatory because it ascribed the commission of irregular transactions against private complainants and their possession of a vice or defect, which tended to dishonor or discredit them and impeached their virtue, credit, and reputation. The malice in the imputations may be inferred from the ongoing legal dispute between Rene and Galileo over the leadership of MIT. And the element of publication was satisfied when Galileo sent the letter to Commo Velasco. Notably, Galileo did not question the presence of the elements of libel in this case.30
Galileo filed a Motion for Reconsideration.31 After it was denied by the CA,32 he filed a petition for review on certiorari before this Court.
Petitioner's Arguments
Galileo argued that under Best Evidence Rule in Section 3, Rule 130 of the. Revised Rules on Evidence, when the subject of the inquiry is the contents of the document, no evidence shall be admissible other than the original document itself, except in cases specified under said rule. Secondary evidence may only be accepted if the following are established: (1) the existence or due execution of the original; (2) loss and destruction of the original or the reason for its non-production in court; and (3) on the part of the offeror, the absence of bad faith to which the unavailability of the original can be attributed. Respondent did not exert any effort to justify the presentation of secondary evidence instead of the original letter. P/Ens Pabico testified that he cannot confirm if the letter was received by the PCG because he was not yet in PCG when the letter was supposedly sent. He does not know Comma Velasco's secretary who supposedly sent the email containing the letter or her location. In addition, the printed copy of the letter brought by P/Ens Pabico bore the marking "Annex A." This was the same marking placed on letter attached to Rene's complaint-affidavit as Annex A. Galileo concluded that the letter brought by P/Ens Pabico was actually given to him by respondent. Further, respondent did not submit evidence that Commo Velasco brought the letter with him after being separated from the PCG. Based on the foregoing, Galileo asserted that respondent failed to prove that the letter cannot be produced in court.33
Respondent's Arguments
Respondent pointed out that Galileo's arguments in his petition are a mere rehash of this arguments in his motions for reconsideration before the RTC and the CA. The courts a quo have already ruled upon these matters. In any case, respondent insisted that it was able to establish that the original letter was not available through P/Ens Pabico's testimony that Commo Velasco was under investigation. Hence, Section 5, Rule 130 of the Revised Rules on Evidence applies and respondent was justified in using copies of the letter from Rene and P/Ens Pabico as evidence.34
Respondent also argued that the CA was correct in affirming the RTC that the elements of the crime of libel were established in this case. First, the letter is clearly defamatory because it accused private complainants of misrepresenting themselves as officers of MIT and sold fake and spurious SOs and CAVs to unsuspecting students and graduates of MIT. Second, the imputation in the letter is malicious. Pursuant to Article 354 of the RPC, every defamatory imputation is presumed to be malicious. Galileo did not present evidence to overcome this presumption. He did not show the existence of the exceptions in Article 354, namely: (1) a private communication made by any person to another in the performance of any legal, moral, or social duty; and (2) a fair and true report, made in good faith, without any comments or remarks, of any judicial, legislative or other official proceedings which are not of confidential nature, or of any statement, report or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers in the exercise of their functions. Third, the letter was given publicity when Galileo sent it to Comma Velasco. It was also read by Galileo and Rene's family members and MIT officials. Considering the foregoing, respondent prayed that Galileo's petition be dismissed.35
Petitioner's Supplemental Argument
Galileo filed a Supplement to Petition for Review on Certiorari36 informing the Court that the RTC of Oroquieta City, Branch 14 rendered a Decision37 dated November 12, 2019 issuing a writ of final injunction against Rene and the members of his group enjoining them from proclaiming in public and in judicial proceedings that: (1) the Decision dated July 29,3003 of the RTC in Special Civil Action Nos. OC-004 and OC-005, as well as the decision of the CA affirming it, are still subsisting and enforceable; (2) the election held at MIT on April 15, 2007 is null and void; and (3) Rene is still the president of MIT.38
Issue
Whether the CA erred m affirming that Galileo is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of libel.
Ruling of the Court
We grant the petition.
Article 35339 of the Revised Penal Code defines libel as a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead. In order to be held liable for libel, it must be established that: (1) the imputation is defamatory; (2) the imputation is malicious; (3) the imputation was given publicity; and (4) the victim must be identifiable.40
The conflict of Rene and Galileo originated from their competing claims over the management of MIT. This allegedly led Galileo to send a letter to Comma Velasco containing malicious imputations against private complainants.41 Thus, proof of the letter is necessary for the conviction of Galileo.
Section 19,42 Rule 132 of the Revised Rules of Evidence defines public documents as those: (a) written official acts, or records of the official acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies and tribunals, and public officers, whether of the Philippines, or of a foreign country; (b) documents acknowledged before a notary public except last wills and testaments; and (c) public records, kept in the Philippines, of private documents required by law to be entered therein. All other documents are private. Since the letter does not qualify as a public document, it is a private document. Section 20 of Rule 132 states how private documents are proven:
Section 20. Proof of private document. – Before any private document offered as authentic is received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity must be proved either:
(a) By anyone who saw the document executed or written; or
(b) By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or handwriting of the maker.
Any other private document need only be identified as that which it is claimed to be.
Pursuant to Section 20, a private document may be authenticated by: the person who executed it, the person before whom its execution was acknowledged, any person who was present and saw it executed, the person who after its execution, saw it and recognized the signature, being familiar thereto or an expert, or the person to whom the parties to the instrument had previously confessed execution thereof.43 In this case, neither Rene nor P/Ens Pabico saw the execution of the letter. Though Rene claimed that he was personally familiar with Galileo's signature, he did not explain why or how he became familiar with it.44 As such, We cannot give credence to Rene's claim because it does not have any basis. Aside from Rene and P/Ens Pabico, no other witness attempted to authenticate the letter. Thus, respondent failed to establish the due execution and authenticity of the letter.
Respondent also failed to justify its submission of photocopies of the letter instead of its original. The Best Evidence Rule under Section 3, Rule 130 of the Revised Rules on Evidence provides:
Section 3. Original document must be produced; exceptions. – When the subject of inquiry is the contents of a document, no evidence shall be admissible other than the original document itself, except in the following cases:
(a) When the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, without bad faith on the part of the offeror;
(b) When the original is in the custody or under the control of the party against whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce it after reasonable notice;
(c) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents which cannot be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact sought to be established from them is only the general result of the whole; and
(d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a public officer or is recorded in a public office.
Based on Section 3, the original document itself must be presented in court, except in the instances specified in Section 3. With respect to the first exception, Section 5, Rule 130 of the Revised Rules on Evidence states that:
Section 5. When original document is unavailable. - When the original document has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, the offeror, upon proof of its execution or existence and the cause of its unavailability without bad faith on his part, may prove its contents by a copy, or by a recital of its contents in some authentic document, or by the testimony of witnesses in the order stated.
To prove that the letter was duly received by the PCG in Northern Mindanao, respondent presented P/Ens Pabico as its witness. According to P/Ens Pabico, he has been the Community Relations Officer in PCG Northern Mindanao since November 2016.45 After the RTC issued a Subpoena Duces Tecum Ad Testificandum46 addressed to the Chief or Records Officer of the PCG Northern Mindanao to bring/produce the original letter, P/Ens Pabico instructed his secretary to obtain a copy of said letter. The secretary of Comma Velasco emailed a copy of the letter to him, through the official email address of their office. During his testimony, P/Ens Pabico said that Comma Velasco was under investigation while his secretary was no longer connected with the PCG.47
We find that P/Ens Pabico's testimony failed to establish that the letter was sent by Galileo to Comma Velasco and that it can no longer be presented in court. Notably, P/Ens Pabico is the Community Relations Officer of the PCG Northern Mindanao and not its Records Officer.48 He did not clarify whether he had custody of the documents of the PCG Northern Mindanao as its Community Relations Officer. More importantly, P/Ens Pabico said that "I am not in the position to say we received a copy because during that time, I was not yet in the Philippine Coast Guard, Sir."49 When asked why he instructed his secretary to find a copy of the letter after receiving the subpoena, he replied that "I do not know if that certain file exists because during that time I was not the Coast Guard during 2014, I was at training."50 Clearly, P/Ens Pabico has no personal knowledge of whether the letter was received by Commo Velasco or his office. He likewise has no knowledge of the location of the original letter.
Moreover, P/Ens Pabico does not even know who sent him a copy of the letter. He is unaware of the identity and location of Commo Velasco's secretary.51 In addition, Galileo duly noted that the copy of the letter submitted by P/Ens Pabico bore the marking "Annex A."52 This is the same marking placed on the copy of the letter annexed to Rene's complaint-affidavit.53 If indeed a copy of the letter came from Commo Velasco's secretary, then it is baffling why it had that marking. It is therefore uncertain if Commo Velasco's secretary had the original letter in his or her custody. It is also doubtful that P/Ens Pabico truly received a copy of the letter from Commo Velasco's secretary. Hence, the genuineness of the copy of the letter that P/Ens Pabico brought to court is questionable.
Aside from P/Ens Pabico, respondent did not present any other evidence of the existence and receipt of the letter. Rene himself did not see the original letter. He only received its copy from Engr. Allan, who was likewise merely informed that a letter was supposedly sent by Galileo.54 Anyone who may have had personal knowledge of the receipt of the letter, such as Commo Velasco, was not presented as a witness. That being the case, the CA erred in ruling that the RTC was correct in admitting the photocopies of the letter presented by respondent. Respondent not only failed to prove the existence of the letter pursuant to Section 20, Rule 132, it also failed to establish the requirements for the presentation of secondary evidence in court under Rule 130 of the Revised Rules on Evidence.
It is true that Galileo did not present evidence in his defense. Nonetheless, he refused to stipulate on the existence of the letter.55 It is well-settled that the burden rests on the prosecution to prove that the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt.56 No less than Section 14,57 Article III of the 1987 Constitution states that "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved." Therefore, a finding of guilt must rest on the strength of the prosecution's own evidence, and not on the weakness or absence of evidence for the defense.58 Galileo's conviction rests on the letter he allegedly sent to Commo Velasco. Without the letter, there is no basis to find him guilty for libel. Respondents failed to prove the existence of the letter and justify its failure to present the original letter in court. The photocopies it submitted are not acceptable. Considering that respondent failed to prove that Galileo sent a letter to Commo Velasco, it is no longer necessary to determine whether the contents of the letter are libelous. Consequently, Galileo must be acquitted of libel.
WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The Decision dated December 14, 2018 and the Resolution dated July 17, 2019 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR No. 01649-MIN are REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Petitioner Galileo A. Maglasang is ACQUITTED of the crime charged against him.
SO ORDERED.
Peralta, C.J., (Chairperson), Zalameda, and Gaerlan, JJ., concur.
Caguioa, J., see concurring opinion.
Footnotes
1 Rollo, pp. 8-24.
2 Penned by Associate Justice Walter S. Ong, with the concurrence of Associate Justices Oscar V. Badelles and Evalyn M. Arellano-Morales; id. at 27-40.
3 Id. at 46-48.
4 Penned by Acting Presiding Judge Gil G. Bollozos; id. at 100-116.
5 Id. at 122.
6 Id. at 116.
7 Records, pp. 38-39.
8 Id. at 11-15.
9 Id. at 38-39.
10 Records, p. 1.
11 Id. at 33.
12 Id. at 61.
13 Rollo, p. 30.
14 Records, pp. 8-10.
15 Rollo, p. 30.
16 Id. at 31.
17 Records, pp. 266-270.
18 Id. at 266-269.
19 Supra note 4.
20 Rollo, p. 116.
21 Id. at 113-115.
22 Id. at 115.
23 Guidelines in the Observance of a Rule of Preference in the Imposition of Penalties in Libel Cases.
24 Rollo, pp. 115-116.
25 Id. at 117-121.
26 Id. at 122.
27 Records, p. 10.
28 Supra note 2.
29 Rollo, pp. 34-36.
30 Id. at 36-39.
31 Id. at 41-45.
32 Supra note 3.
33 Rollo, pp. 15-22.
34 Id. at 198-200.
35 Id. at 201-203.
36 Id. at 210-213.
37 Penned by Presiding Judge Nora B. Montejo; id. at 217-244.
38 Id. at 211-212, 243.
39 Article 353. Definition of Libel. - A libel is a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead.
40 Soriano v. People, G.R. No. 225010, November 21, 2018.
41 Rollo, pp. 28-30.
42 Section 19. Classes of documents. - For the purpose of their presentation in evidence, documents are either public or private.
Public documents are:
(a) The written official acts, or records of the official acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies and tribunals, and public officers, whether of the Philippines, or of a foreign country;
(b) Documents acknowledged before a notary public except last wills and testaments; and
(c) Public records, kept in the Philippines, of private documents required by law to be entered therein.
All other writings are private.
43 Young Builders Corp. v. Benson Industries, Inc., G.R. No. 198998 (Resolution), June 19, 2019.
44 Records, p. 141.
45 TSN dated March 30, 2017, p. 5.
46 Records, p. 206.
47 TSN dated March 30, 2017, pp. 7-9.
48 Id. at 5.
49 Id. at 7.
50 Id. at 8.
51 Id.
52 Records, p. 212.
53 Id. at 6.
54 Id. at 280.
55 TSN dated March 30, 2017, p. 10.
56 Cañal v. People, 510 Phil. 187, 194 (2005).
57 Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
58 Supra note 57.
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