THIRD DIVISION
March 7, 2018
G.R. No. 227990
CITYSTATE SAVINGS BANK, Petitioner
vs.
TERESITA TOBIAS and SHELLIDIE VALDEZ, Respondents
D E C I S I O N
REYES, JR., J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari1 under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court seeking to annul and set aside the Decision2 dated May 31, 2016 and Resolution3 dated October 10, 2016 issued by the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 102545.
The Antecedent Facts
Rolando Robles (hereinafter referred to as Robles), a certified public accountant, has been employed with Citystate Savings Bank (hereinafter referred to as the petitioner) since July 1998 then as Accountant-trainee for its Chino Roces Branch. On September 6, 2000, Robles was promoted as acting manager for petitioner's Baliuag, Bulacan branch, and eventually as manager.4
Sometime in 2002, respondent Teresita Tobias (hereinafter referred to as Tobias), a meat vendor at the Baliuag Public Market, was introduced by her youngest son to Robles, branch manager of petitioner's Baliuag, Bulacan branch.5
Robles persuaded Tobias to open an account with the petitioner, and thereafter to place her money in some high interest rate mechanism, to which the latter yielded.6
Thereafter, Robles would frequent Tobias' stall at the public market to deliver the interest earned by her deposit accounts in the amount of Php 2,000.00. In turn, Tobias would hand over her passbook to Robles for updating. The passbook would be returned the following day with typewritten entries but without the corresponding counter signatures. 7
Tobias was later offered by Robles to sign-up in petitioner's back-to-back scheme which is supposedly offered only to petitioner's most valued clients. Under the scheme, the depositors authorize the bank to use their bank deposits and invest the same in different business ventures that yield high interest. Robles allegedly promised that the interest previously earned by Tobias would be doubled and assured her that he will do all the paper work. Lured by the attractive offer, Tobias signed the pertinent documents without reading its contents and invested a total of Php 1,800,000.00 to petitioner through Robles. Later, Tobias became sickly, thus she included her daughter and herein respondent Shellidie Valdez (hereinafter referred to as Valdez), as co-depositor in her accounts with the petitioner.8
In 2005, Robles failed to remit to respondents the interest as scheduled. Respondents tried to reach Robles but he can no longer be found; their calls were also left unanswered. In a meeting with Robles' siblings, it was disclosed to the respondents that Robles withdrew the money and appropriated it for personal use. Robles later talked to the respondents, promised that he would return the money by installments and pleaded that they do not report the incident to the petitioner. Robles however reneged on his promise. Petitioner also refused to make arrangements for the return of respondents' money despite several demands.9
On January 8, 2007, respondents filed a Complaint for sum of money and damages against Robles and the petitioner.10 In their Complaint, respondents alleged that Robles committed fraud in the performance of his duties as branch manager when he lured Tobias in signing several pieces of blank documents, under the assurance as bank manager of petitioner, everything was in order. 11
After due proceedings, the Regional Trial Court (RTC), on February 12, 2014, rendered its Decision,12 viz.:
WHEREFORE, in light of the foregoing, judgment is hereby rendered ordering defendant Robles to pay plaintiff the following:
1. the amount of Php1,800,000.00 as actual damages plus legal rate of interest from the filing of the complaint until fully paid;
2. the amount of Php100,000.00 as moral damages; and
3. the amount of Php50,000.00 as exemplary damages.
The plaintiffs claim for attorney's fees and litigation expenses are DENIED for lack of merit.
Further, defendant bank is absolved of any liability. Likewise, all counterclaims and cross-claims are DENIED for lack of merit.
SO ORDERED. 13
Ruling of the CA
The matter was elevated to the CA. The CA in its Decision 14 dated , May 31, 2016, found the appeal meritorious and accordingly, reversed and set aside the RTC's decision, in this wise:
WHEREFORE, the Appeal is hereby GRANTED. The Decision Dated 12 February 2014 of the [RTC], Third Judicial Region, Malolos City, Bul!:ican, Branch 83, in Civil Case No. 1 l-M-07, is MODIFIED in that [petitioner] and [Robles] are JOINTLY and SOLIDARILY to pay [respondents] the amounts set forth in the assailed Decisions as well as attorney's fees in the amount of ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PESOS (₱100,000.00).
SO ORDERED.15
Petitioner sought a reconsideration of the decision, but it was denied by the CA in its Resolution16 dated October 10, 2016.
In the instant petition, respondents put forward the · following 1arguments to support their position:
V
ARGUMENTS
IN RENDERING THE ASSAILED DECISION AND RESOLUTION, THE CA DECIDED QUESTIONS OF SUBSTANCE WHICH ARE NOT IN ACCORD WITH APPLICABLE LAWS AND JURISPRUDENCE.
[A]
THE CA SERIOUSLY ERRED IN RULING THAT THE DOCTRINE OF APPARENT AUTHORITY IS APPLICABLE IN THIS CASE.
[B]
THE CA SERIOUSLY ERRED IN RULING THAT RESPONDENT TOBIAS IS NOT GUILTY OF CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE.
[C]
THE CA SERIOUSLY ERRED IN RULING THAT CITYSTATE IS JOINTLY AND SOLIDARILY LIABLE WITH ROBLES TO PAY FOR THE DAMAGE SUPPOSEDLY SUFFERED BY RESPONDENTS.
[D]
THE CA SERIOUSLY ERRED IN RULING THAT CITYSTATE IS JOINTLY AND SOLIDARILY LIABLE FOR ATTORNEY'S FEES.17
In this petition for review on certiorari, petitioner alleged that it 'should not be held liable considering that it has exercised a high degree of 1diligence in the selection and supervision of its employees, including Robles, and that it took proper measures in hiring the latter. Further, it posits that it has complied with standard bank operating procedures in the .conduct of its operations.
Petitioner also argues that Robles acted in his personal capacity in dealing with Tobias, who agreed with· full knowledge and consent to the back-to-back loans and that it was not privy to the transactions between them. Therefore, petitioner submits that the CA erred in applying the doctrine of apparent authority.
Ruling of the Court
The petition is denied.
The business of banking is one imbued with public interest. As such, banking institutions are obliged to exercise the highest degree of diligence as well as high standards of integrity and performance in all its transactions.18
The law expressly imposes upon the banks a fiduciary duty towards its clients19 and to treat in this regard the accounts of its depositors with meticulous care. 20
The contract between the bank and its depositor is governed by the provisions of the Civil Code on simple loan or mutuum, with the bank as the debtor and the depositor as the creditor.21
In light of these, banking institutions may be held liable for damages for failure to exercise the diligence required of it resulting to contractual breach or where the act or omission complained of constitutes an actionable tort.22
The nature of a bank's liability is illustrated in the consolidated cases .of Philippine Commercial International Bank v. CA, et al., Ford Philippines, Inc. v. CA, et al. and Ford Philippines, Inc. v. Citibank, NA., et al.23 The original actions a quo were instituted by Ford Philippines, Inc. (Ford) to recover the value of several checks it issued payable to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) which were allegedly embezzled by an organized syndicate.
The first two of the three consolidated cases mentioned above involve twin petitions for review assailing the decision and resolution of the CA,ordering the collecting bank, Philippine Commercial International Bank PCIB) to pay the amount of a crossed Citibank N.A. (Citibank) check (No. SN-04867) drawn by Ford in favor of CIR as payment for its taxes.
The said check was deposited with PCIB and subsequently cleared by the Central Bank. Upon presentment with Citibank, the proceeds of the check were released to PCIB as the collecting/depository bank.
However, it was later discovered that the check was not paid to the CIR. Ford was then forced to make another payment to the CIR.
Investigation revealed that the check was recalled by the. General Ledger Accountant of Ford on the pretext that there has been an error in the computation of tax, he then directed PCIB to issue two manager's checks in replacement thereof.
Both Citibank and PCIB deny liability, the former arguing that payment was in due course as it merely relied on the latter's guarantee as to "all prior indorsements and/or lack of indorsements." Thus, Citibank submits that the proximate cause of the injury is the gross negligence of PCIB in indorsing the check in question. The CA agreed and adjudged PCIB solely liable for the amount of the check.
On the other hand, the last of the three consolidated cases, assails the decision and resolution of the CA which held Citibank, the drawee bank, solely liable for the amount of crossed check nos. SN-10597 and 16508 as actual damages, the proceeds of which have been misappropriated by a syndicate involving the employees of the drawer Ford, and the collecting bank PCIB.
This Court in resolving the issue of liability in PCIB v. CA, considered the degree of negligence of the parties.
While recognizing that the doctrine· of imputed negligence makes a principal liable for the wrongful acts of its agents, this Court noted that the liability of the principal would nonetheless depend on whether the act of its agent is the proximate cause of the injury to the third person.
In the case of Ford, this Court ruled that its negligence, if any, cannot be considered as the proximate cause, emphasizing in this regard the absence of confirmation on the part of Ford to the request of its General Ledger Accountant for replacement of the checks issued as payment to the.CIR. In absolving Ford from liability, this Court clarified that the mere fact that the forgery was committed by the drawer/principal's employee or agent, who by, virtue of his position had unusual facilities for perpetrating the fraud and imposing the forged paper upon the bank, does not automatically shift the loss to such drawer-principal, in the absence of some circumstance raising estoppel against the latter.
In contrast, this Court found PCIB liable for failing to exercise the necessary care and prudence required under the circumstances. This Court noted that the action of Ford's General Ledger Accountant in asking for the replacement of the crossed Citibank check No. SN-04867, was not in the ordinary course of business and thus should have prompted PCIB to validate the same. Likewise, considering that the questioned crossed ,check was deposited with PCIB in its capacity as collecting agent for the Bureau of Internal Revenue, it has the responsibility to ensure that the check is deposited in the payee's account only; and is bound to consult BIR, as its principal, of unwarranted instructions given by the payor or its agent, especially so as neither of the .latter is its client. Having established PCIB's negligence, this Court then held the latter solely liable for the proceeds of Citibank check (No. SN-04867).
Insofar as Citibank check Nos. SN-I 0597 and 16508, this Court affirmed the findings of the CA and the trial court that PCIB cannot be faulted for the embezzlement as it did not actually receive nor held the subject checks. Adopting the conclusion of the trial court', this Court advanced that the act of misappropriation was in fact "the clandestine or hidden actuations performed by the members of the syndicate in their own personal, covert and private capacity and done without the knowledge of the defendant PCIB."24
While this Court admitted that there was no evidence confirming the conscious participatipn of PCIB in the embezzlement, it nonetheless found the latter liable pursuant to the doctrine of imputed negligence, as it was established that its employees performed the acts causing the loss in their official capacity or authority albeit for their personal and private gain or benefit.
Yet, finding that the drawee, Citibank was remiss of its contractual duty to pay the proceeds of the crossed checks only to its designated payee, this Court ruled that Citibank should also bear liability for the loss incurred by Ford. It ratiocinated:
Citibank should have scrutinized Citibank Check Numbers SN 10597 and 16508 before paying the amount of the proceeds thereof to the collecting bank of the BIR. One thing is clear from the record: the clearing stamps at the back of Citibank Check Nos. SN 10597 and 16508 do not bear any initials. Citibank failed to notice and verify the absence of the clearing stamps. Had this been duly examined, the switching of the worthless checks to Citibank Check Nos. 10597 and 16508 would have been discovered in time. For this reason, Citibank had indeed failed to perform what was incumbent upon it, which is to ensure that the amount of the checks should be paid only to its designated payee. The fact that the drawee bank did not discover the irregularity seasonably, in our view, constitutes negligence in carrying out the bank's duty to its depositors. The point is that as a business affected with public interest and because of the nature of its functions, the bank is under obligation to treat the accounts of its depositors with meticulous care, always having in mind the fiduciary nature of their relationship.25
Then, applying the doctrine of comparative negligence, this Court adjudged PCIB and Citibank equally liable for the proceeds of Citibank Check Nos. SN 10597 and 16508.
It is without question that when the action against the bank is premised on breach of contractual obligations, a bank's liability as debtor is not merely vicarious but primary, in that the defense of exercise of due diligence in the selection and supervision of its employees is not available.26 Liability of banks is also primary and sole when the loss or damage to its depositors is directly attributable to its acts, finding that the proximate cause of the loss was due to the bank's negligence or breach.27
The bank, in its capacity as principal, may also be adjudged liable under the doctrine of apparent authority. The principal's liability in this case however, is solidary with that of his employee.28
The doctrine of apparent authority or what is sometimes referred to as the "holding out" theory, or the doctrine of ostensible agency, imposes liability, not "as the result of the reality of a contractual relationship, but rather because of the actions of a principal or an employer in somehow misleading the public into believing that the relationship or the authority exists."29 It is defined as:
[T]he power to affect the legal relations of another person by transactions with third persons arising from the other's manifestations to such third person such that the liability of the principal for the acts and contracts of his agent extends to those which are within the apparent scope of the authority conferred on him, although no actual authority to do such acts or to make such contracts has been conferred.30 (Citations omitted)
Succinctly stating the foregoing principles, the liability of a bank to third persons for acts done by its agents or employees is limited to the consequences of the latter's acts which it has ratified, or those that resulted in performance of acts within the scope of actual or apparent authority it has vested.
In PCIB v. CA, 31 however, it is evident and striking that for purposes of holding the principal/banks liable, no distinction has been made whether the act resulting to injury to third persons was performed by the agent/employee was pursuant to, or outside the scope of an apparent or actual official authority. It must be noted nonetheless that this is because of the peculiar circumstance attendant in that case, that is, the direct perpetrators of the offense therein are fugitives from justice. Thus, this Court is left to determine who of the parties must bear the burden for the loss incurred by Ford.
In the case at bar, petitioner does not deny the validity of respondents' accounts, in fact it suggests that transactions with it have all been accounted for as it is based on official documents containing authentic signatures of Tobias. The point is well-taken. In fine, respondents' claim for damages is not predicated on breach of their contractual relationship with petitioner, but rather on Robles' act of misappropriation.
At any rate, it cannot be said that the petitioner is guilty of breach of contract so as to warrant the imposition of liability solely upon it.32
Records show that respondents entered into two types of transactions with the petitioner, the first involving savings accounts, and the other loan agreements. Both of these transactions were entered into outside the petitioner bank's premises, through Robles.
In the first, the respondents, as the depositors, acts as the creditor, and the petitioner, as the debtor.33 In these agreements, the petitioner, by receiving the deposit impliedly agrees to pay upon demand and only upon the depositor's order.34 Failure by the bank to comply with these obligations 'would be considered as breach of contract.
The second transaction which involves three loan agreements, are the, subject of contention. These loans were obtained by respondents, secured by their deposits with the petitioner, and executed with corresponding authorization letters allowing the latter to debit from their account in case of default. Respondents do not contest the genuineness of their signature in the relevant documents; rather they submit that they were merely lured by Robles into signing the same without knowing their import. The loans were approved and released by the petitioner, but instead of reinvesting the same, the proceeds were misappropriated by Robles, as a result, respondents' accounts were debited and applied as payment for the loan.
Under the premises, the petitioner had the authority to debit from the respondents' accounts having been appointed as their attorney-in-fact in a duly signed authentic document.35 Furthermore, there is nothing irregular or striking that transpired which should have impelled petitioner into further inquiry as to the authenticity of the attendant transactions. Suffice it is to state that the questioned withdrawal was not the first time in which Robles has acted as the authorized representative of the petitioner or as intermediary between the petitioner and the respondents, who is also not merely an employee but petitioner's branch manager.
Moreover, that the respondents have been lured by Robles into signing the said documents without knowing the implications thereof does not prove complicity or knowledge on the part of the petitioner of Robles' inappropriate acts.
Nonetheless, while it is clear that the proximate cause of respondents' loss is the misappropriation of Robles, petitioner is still liable under Article 1911 of the Civil Code, to wit:
Art. 1911. Even when the agent has exceeded his authority, the principal is solidarily liable with the agent if the former allowed the latter to act as though he had full powers.
The case of Prudential Bank v. CA36 lends support to this conclusion. There, this Court first laid down the doctrine of apparent authority, with specific reference to banks, viz.:
Conformably, we have declared in countless decisions that the principal is liable for obligations contracted by the agent. The agent's apparent representation yields to the principal's true representation and the contract is considered as entered into between the principal and the third person.
A bank is liable for wrongful acts of its officers done in the interests of the bank or in the course of dealings of the officers in their representative capacity but not for acts outside the scope of their authority. A bank holding out its officers and agent as worthy of confidence will not be permitted to profit by the frauds they may thus be enabled to perpetuate in the apparent scope of their employment; nor will it be permitted to shirk
its responsibility for such frauds, even though no benefit may accrue to the bank therefrom. Accordingly, a banking corporation is liable to innocent third persons where the representation is made in the course of its business by an agent acting within the general scope of his authority even though, in the particular case, the agent is secretly abusing his authority and attempting to perpetrate a fraud upon his principal or some other person, for his own ultimate benefit.
Application of these principles in especially necessary because banks have a fiduciary relationship with the public and their stability depends on the confidence of the people in their honesty and efficiency. Such faith will be eroded where banks do not exercise strict care in the selection and supervision of its employees, resulting in prejudice to their depositors.37 (Citations omitted, and emphasis and underscoring Ours)
Petitioner, in support of its position, cites Banate v. Philippine Countryside Rural Bank (Liloan, Cebu), Inc.,38 this Court finds however that , the case presents a different factual milieu and is not applicable in the case at bar.
In Banate, this Court ruled that the doctrine of apparent authority does not apply and absolved the bank from liability resulting from the alteration by its branch manager of the terms of a mortgage contract which secures a , loan obtained from the bank. In so ruling, this Court found "[n]o proof of the course of business, usages and practices of the bank about, or knowledge that the board had or is presumed to have of its responsible officers' acts regarding the branch manager's apparent authority"39 to cause such alteration. Further, "[n]either was there any allegation, much less proof'40 that the bank ratified its manager's acts or is estopped to make a contrary claim.
In contrast, in this controversy, the evidence on record sufficiently established that Robles as branch manager was 'clothed' or 'held out' as having the power to enter into the subject agreements with the respondents.
The existence of apparent or implied authority is measured by previous acts that have been ratified or approved or where the accruing benefits have been accepted by the principal. It may also be established by proof of the course of business, usages and practices of the bank; or knowledge that the bank or its officials have, or is presumed to have of its responsible officers' acts regarding bank branch affairs.41
The testimonies of the witnesses presented by petitioner establish that there was nothing irregular in the manner in which Robles transacted with the respondents.42 In fact, petitioner's witnesses admitted that while the bank's general policy requires that transactions be completed inside the bank premises, exceptions are made in favor of valued clients, such as the respondents. In which case, banking transactions are allowed to be done in the residence or place of business of the depositor, since the same are verified subsequently by the bank cashier.43
Moreover, petitioner admitted that for valued clients, the branch manager has the authority to transact outside of the bank premises.44 In fact, Robles previously transacted business on behalf of the petitioner as when it sought and facilitated the opening of respondents' accounts. Petitioner acknowledged Robles' authority and it honored the accounts so opened outside the bank premises.
To recall, prior to the alleged back-to-back scheme entered into by the respondents, Robles has consistently held himself out as representative of the petitioner in seeking and signing respondents as depositors to various accounts.45 It bears to stress that in the course of the said investment, the practice has been for Tobias to surrender the passbook to Robles' for updating.46 All of which accounts have been in order until after the respondents was lured into entering the back-to-back scheme.
In this light, respondents cannot be blamed for believing that Robles has the authority to transact for and on behalf of the petitioner47 and for relying upon the representations made by him. After all, Robles as branch manager is recognized "within his field and as to third persons as the general agent and is in general charge of the corporation, with apparent authority commensurate with the ordinary business entrusted him and the usual course and conduct thereof."48
Consequently, petitioner is estopped from denying Robles' authority.49 As the employer of Robles, petitioner is solidarily liable to the respondents for damages caused by the acts of the former, pursuant to Article 1911 of the Civil Code.50
The ruling in PCIB v. CA51 insofar as it imposes liability directly and , solely upon the employer does not apply considering that Robles, while not a petitioner in this case, has been validly been served with summons by ,publication52 and joined as party in the case before the trial court53 and the CA.54 Jurisdiction having been acquired over his person, this Court consequently has the authority to rule upon his liability. 55
On a final note, it must be pointed out that the irregularity has only been discovered by the petitioner on March 30, 2006 when Valdez went to petitioner's Mabini branch to have her account with Tobias updated.56 It bears to stress that petitioner had the opportunity to discover such , irregularity at the time the loan application was submitted for its approval or at the latest, when the respondents defaulted with the payment of their , obligation. With the extreme repercussions of the transactions entered into by the respondents, instead of just relying on the supposed authority of Robles and examining the documents submitted, petitioner should have at 'least communicated with the respondents in order to verify with them the genuineness of their signatures therein and whether they understood the .implications of affixing the same. Nothing short is expected of petitioner considering that the nature of the banking business is imbued with public interest, and as such the highest degree of diligence is demanded.57
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing disquisitions, the petition for review on certiorari is hereby DENIED. The Decision dated May 31, 2016 and Resolution dated October 10, 2016 issued by the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 102545 are AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
ANDRES B. REYES, JR.
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
ANTONIO T. CARPIO
Acting Chief Justice
Chairperson
(I join the opinion of J. Caguioa)
DIOSDADO M. PERALTA*
Associate Justice |
(I join the separate opinion of J. Caguioa)
ESTELA M. PERLAS-BERNABE*
Associate Justice |
(See separate opinion)
ALFREDO BENJAMIN S. CAGUIOA*
Associate Justice
C E R T I F I C A T I O N
I certify that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO
Chief Justice
Footnotes
* Designated as Acting Chief Justice per Special Order No. 2539 dated February 28, 2018.
1 Rollo, pp. 9-44.
2 Penned by Associate Justice Japar B. Dimaampao, with Associate Justices Franchito N. Diamante, and Carmelita Salandanan-Manahan, concurring; id. at 47-59.
3 Id. at 60-61.
4 Id. at 11-12.
5 Id. at 48.
6 Id.
7 Id.
8 Id.
9 Id. at 49.
10 Id. at 193-206.
11 Id. at 200.
12 Rendered by Judge Guillermo P. Agloro; id. at 62-78.
13 Id. at 77-78.
14 Id. at 47-59.
15 Id. at 59.
16 Id. at 60-61.
17 Id. at 19.
18 Comsavings Bank v. Spouses Capistrano, 716 Phil. 547, 550 (2013).
19 Republic Act No. 8791, or the General Banking Law, Section 2.
20 Simex International (Manila), Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 262 Phil. 387, 396 (1990).
21 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Article 1980 states:
Art. 1980. Fixed, savings, and current deposits of money in banks and similar institutions shall be governed by the provisions concerning simple loan.
22 Far East Bank and Trust Company v. CA, 311 Phil. 783, 793 (1995).
23 403 Phil. 361 (2001).
24 Id. at 385.
25 Id. at 387-388.
26 Far East Bank and Trust Co. (now Bank of the Philippine Islands) v. Tentmakers Group, Inc., et al., 690 Phil. 134, 144 (2012).
27 PCIB v. CA, supra note 23.
28 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Article 1910.
29 Sargasso Construction & Development Corp./Pick & Shovel, lnc./Atlantic Erectors, Inc., (Joint Venture) v. PPA, 637 Phil. 259, 281-282 (2010).
30 Id. at 281.
31 Supra note 23.
32 Far East Bank and Trust Co. (now Bank of the Philippine Islands) v. Tentmakers Group, Inc., et al., supra note 26.
33 CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Article 1980.
34 The Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co. v. Rosales, et al., 724 Phil. 66, 68 (2014).
35 Rollo, p. 114.
36 295 Phil. 399 (1993).
37 Id. at 408-409.
38 639 Phil. 35 (2010).
39 Id. at47.
40 Id.
41 Id. at 45-46.
42 Rollo, p. 54.
43 Id. at 55-56.
44 Id.
45 Id. at 66.
46 Id. at 48-49; 138.
47 Rural Bank of Milaor (Camarines Sur) v. Ocfemia, et al., 381 Phil. 911 (2000).
48 Banate v. Philippine Countryside Rural Bank (Liloan, Cebu), Inc., supra note 38, at 48.
49 Advance Paper Corp., et al. v. Arma Traders Corp., et al., 723 Phil. 401 (2013).
50Art.1191. Even when the agent exceeded his authority, the principal is solidarily liable with the agent if the former allowed the latter to act as though he had full powers.
51 Supra note 23.
52 Rollo, p. 62.
53 Id.
54Id. at 47.
55 Manotoc v. Court of Appeals, 530 Phil. 454 (2006).
56 Rollo, pp. 12; 68-69.
57 Allied Banking Corp. v. BPI, 705 Phil. 174 (2013).
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