Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
THIRD DIVISION
G.R. No. 177769 September 12, 2007
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Appellee,
vs.
JONAS BUSTAMANTE, Appellant.
D E C I S I O N
YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.:
On August 19, 1999, Jonas Bustamante was charged with the crime of murder in an Information that reads:
That on or about the 17th day of October, 1998 in the municipality of Catigbi-an, province of Bohol, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, with intent to kill, without justifiable cause, with treachery and abuse of or taking advantage of superior strength, attacked from behind the victim Sergio Tandog y Lasaca who was unarmed and unaware of the attack, without affording the latter an opportunity to defend himself, and did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously shoot the said victim with a short firearm, hitting him at the back portion of his head, and causing his instantaneous death, to the damage and prejudice of the heirs of the deceased in the amount to be proved during trial.
Acts committed contrary to the provisions of Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by R.A. No. 7659.1
During arraignment the accused entered a plea of not guilty.2 Trial on the merits thereafter ensued.
The facts as found by the trial court are as follows:
The State’s contention as unfurled from the evidence on record and as argued in their memorandum, may be summed up as follows:
In the evening of October 17, 1998, Sergio Tandog tendered a party in his house at Causwagan Norte, Catigbian, Bohol.
After supper, Sergio, his brother Illuminado and a friend, Gumersindo "Jimmy" Ape, digressed to the yard of Sergio’s house to drink Tanduay rhum. Sergio’s yard was lighted with an extension light bulb at the eaves of the house. While seated partaking of their drinks, Illuminado and Gumersindo heard a gun burst and saw Sergio fell to the ground. Illuminado and Gumersindo saw accused Jonas Bustamante holding a gun two meters behind the place where Sergio was seated. Gumersindo shouted, "why did you shot Mano Sering Bay?" Instead of answering, Jonas pointed his gun at Gumersindo, the latter rolled over to the cement floor, and heard the gun clicked three times, but did not explode. Accused then ran away. Illuminado tried to chase Jonas, but he was not able to catch up with him. On the road where the accused passed, Illuminado saw a brown right-foot sandal. They were told by a barangay councilman not to touch it. However, Charigen Tandog testified that her cousin Lolito Tandog picked up this sandal and threw it into the bushes by the road-side. In the search that ensued, it was policeman Florencio Ibarra who found the said sandal in the bushes five (5) meters from the spot where it was first discovered.
Two days before the incident, Jonas Bustamante accompanied by Roselo Agon inquired from Jovencio Tandog the whereabouts of Sergio Tandog. Jovencio replied that Sergio was in Cebu. It was at this instance when Jovencio Tandog noticed that the accused was wearing a pair of sandals identical to the one found in the bushes by police officer Ibarra, in the early morning after Sergio Tandog was shot. Policeman Ibarra declared in Court that after arresting Jonas Bustamante, he asked the latter about the sandal and Jonas admitted that the same belongs to him.
Investigating police officers, P/SINSP Antonio Jongco and SPO1 Florencio Ibarra, declared that immediately after the incident they talked to Gumersindo Ape and Illuminado Tandog, who claimed that they were present when the shooting occurred, however, the policemen observed that said eyewitnesses were in the state of shock and apparently afraid to divulge the identity of the assailant. The police, noticing the witnesses’ condition, momentarily suspended their questioning to allow them to recover from their shock.
It was only a month later, in November of 1998 when Gumersindo and Illuminado finally informed the police that it was Jonas Bustamante who shot Sergio Tandog. They told the Court that they were hesitant to immediately reveal the culprit’s identity because they were afraid of being harmed by the persons who were behind the killing of Sergio Tandog. They knew that Sergio Tandog and his wife Josefa Dinorog-Tandog had strained relations and have lived separately for more than two (2) years on account of frequent spats in the sharing of their common property and Sergio’s alleged womanizing. Their children who were not spared from the feud sided with their mother.
After the filing of the instant case, there were sullied efforts to dissuade Gumersindo Ape and Illumnado Tandog from testifying as witnesses in this case. Gumersindo reported to the police that he was pressured not to testify as witness in the killing of Sergio Tandog by Teresita Tandog, and Jaime Dinorog. He was repeatedly asked to see Ex-Mayor Aurelio Dinorog otherwise a case will be filed against him. Upon his refusal, Illuminado Tandog was impleaded as respondent in a complaint, for Frustrated Murder initiated by Aurelio Dinorog, brother of Josefa Dinorog-Tandog, the victim’s wife.
The instant case was initiated by Epifanio Tandog, the father of the victim because the latter’s wife and children refused to file a complaint against the herein accused. On the witness stand, Epifanio confirmed the strained relations between his son, Sergio on the one hand, and his wife and children on the other.
Epifanio likewise declared that Dr. Inting was prevented from performing an autopsy on the victim’s body by Josefa, wife of the victim and brother of then Ex-Mayor Aurelio Dinorog. Accordingly, the deceased during his lifetime is even afraid of being injected. It is admitted however that the deceased’s body was embalmed. Epifanio cannot understand why in the trial for the killing of his son, his daughter-in-law Josefa and her brother chose to be on the side of the accused. Complainant Epifanio Tandog also told the Court that because of Sergio’s sudden death he suffered sleepless nights and worries that cannot be paid even by ₱500,000.00. He paid his lawyer ₱20,000.00 as acceptance fee, ₱1000.00 per appearance fees plus 25% of the damages that may be awarded. That his late son earned from his cattle trading business ₱10,000.00 per week, and 100 sacks of palay per harvest from his rice farm.
Dr. Vito Inting, MHO of Catigbian, took the witness-stand to attest to his Postmortem findings, that the victim Sergio Tandog succumbed to irreversible shock, secondary to brain trauma and hemorrhage, due to a gunshot wound at the back portion of his head. He wanted to perform an autopsy of the victim’s body to recover the slug and determine the caliber of the firearm, but Josefa Tandog, the victim’s wife and then Catigbian Ex-Mayor Aurelio Dinorog, Josefa’s brother, and victim’s brother-in-law, prevented him from conducting the autopsy. Dr. Inting found it strange because this was the first time that he was prevented to perform an autopsy in a medico-legal case. Thus, the deceased was buried without any autopsy.
The fact of death of the victim Sergio Tandog is further confirmed by his Certificate of Death on record.
Immediately after the incident Jonas Bustamante left Bohol. It was only after (5) months that accused was arrested by elements of the Catigbian police on May 17, 1999 at Capalong, Davao del Norte. The prosecution also presented documents, showing that accused Jonas Bustamante has a criminal record of conviction for Direct Assault.
x x x x
Culled from the record, the defense’ contention may be capsulized as follows:
Accused Jonas Bustamante denied the charge against him. He claims that he has no participation and has no motive to kill the deceased whom he doesn’t know. At the time Sergio was shot in the yard of his residence at Causwagan, Catigbian, Bohol, accused was at home with his family in Sitio Pandulian, Capalong, Davao del Norte.
Although born in Causwagan, Catigbian, Bohol, accused and his parents migrated to Capalong, Davao del Norte in 1983 when the accused was 12 years old, and finished Fourth Grade at Causwagan Elem. School. Even before his marriage in 1992, accused was already working with Stanphilco the banana plantation of Dole Phil. Inc. His employment is recorded in the company’s pay Roll and was required to submit Daily Time Record (DTR). However, after giving his latest DTR to SPO1 Ibarra, the latter did not return it to him anymore.
Since his migration to Davao del Norte, accused came back to Bohol only twice. First in 1989, to secure his Birth Certificate, and Second on October 4, 1998 when he came to Causwagan, Catigbian, Bohol to pay his respects to his dead grandmother, Maria Suaybaguio. He returned home to Capalong on October 9, 1998. Since then, he has not visited Bohol until his arrest on May 17, 1999.
Accused denied being together with Roselo Agon near the deceased-victim’s residence at Causwagan, Catigbian, Bohol on October 14, 1998 to ask for the whereabouts of Sergio. That he is not the owner of the right-foot sandal that was found by Police Officer Ibarra. He does not know the deceased-victim and the prosecution’s eyewitnesses and therefore has no motive to kill the victim in this case.
Accused further claims that witnesses Gumersindo "Jimmy" Ape and Illuminado Tandog failed to identify the assailant of Sergio Tandog when they were investigated by the police after the incident. It was only later, after 58 days when these witnesses named the accused to be Sergio Tandog’s assailang.3
The trial court found that prosecution witnesses Gumersindo Ape and Illuminado Tandog positively and clearly identified the accused as the victim’s assailant. The accused also tried to shoot Gumersindo but his firearm did not fire. After shooting the victim, Illuminado then chased the accused but was not able to catch up with the latter.
Both prosecution witnesses remained firm in their testimonies despite rigorous cross-examination by the defense counsel and the stern warning that they will be prosecuted for perjury if found to be lying.
Moreover, the trial court noted that the narration of the prosecution witnesses jibed with the physical evidence of the case. Any seeming inconsistencies in their declarations referred only to minor and inconsequential matters. The delay in reporting the identity of the accused to the police officers was found reasonable and justified considering the threats of harm upon their persons and families.
On the other hand, the trial court found the denial and alibi of the accused to be self-serving and unsubstantiated. Accused’s testimonies were fraught with inconsistencies that were rebutted by the prosecution. Thus, the prosecution successfully rebutted the claim of the accused that he left Bohol after finishing 4th grade by presenting a certification that accused was among the 6th grade students who graduated from Causwagan Elementary School in Catigbian, Bohol in 1984; that it is not true that he was employed by Stanphilco during the period 1990 to 2000; that he returned to Bohol after migrating to Davao del Norte not only in 1989 and 1998 but also in 1990 and was even arrested for Illegal Possession of Firearms and convicted of Direct Assault; and that he was in Causwagan, Catigbian, Bohol three days before the shooting incident asking for the whereabouts of the victim.
On the basis of the foregoing factual findings, the Regional Trial Court of Tagbilaran City, Branch 2, rendered on August 29, 2001 a Decision4 finding the accused guilty as charged, the dispositive portion of which provides:
WHEREFORE, in the light of the foregoing, the Court finds accused Jonas Bustamante, guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of Murder, defined and penalized under Article 248, Par. 1 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by Republic Act No. 7659, and embraced in the aforequoted Information. There being no mitigating nor aggravating circumstance adduced and proven at the trial, the Court hereby sentences the accused to an indivisible penalty of Reclusion Perpetua, with the accessory penalties of the law, to indemnify Epifanio Tandog and his heirs, death indemnity in the sum of ₱50,000.00, moral damages in the amount of ₱50,000.00; and attorney’s fees of ₱10,000.00.
The accused who is a detention prisoner is credited in full of the period of his preventive imprisonment.
SO ORDERED.5
The trial court awarded the civil indemnities to Epifanio Tandog, the father of the deceased, and not to the latter’s wife and children, reasoning thus:
The wife and children of the victim in this case did not commence any action against the person responsible for the death of their slain relative. Instead, Josefa Tandog, and Lolito Tandog, victim’s wife and son respectively, testified in favor of the accused, worked for the latter’s acquittal without specifically claiming civil liability herein. They are therefore deemed to have waived and/or estopped, if not unworthy, to merit award of civil liability in this case. Epifanio Tandog, father of the deceased victim was the one who initiated the filing of the instant case and claimed civil liabilities for the death of his son. Based on the foregoing peculiar circumstances, the Court believes that the civil liability arising from the herein offense should be awarded to complainant Epifanio Tandog and his heirs.6
Accused appealed to the Court of Appeals which rendered a Decision7 dated September 11, 2006 affirming in toto the decision of the trial court.
The appellate court ruled that the positive identification of the accused as the perpetrator of the crime negated his denial and alibi; that the inconsistencies in the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses refer to minor and inconsequential details which did not diminish their credibility; and that the lapse of 58 days before the witnesses disclosed the identity of the accused to the authorities is reasonable.
The Court of Appeals held that accused was correctly convicted of murder because the qualifying circumstance of treachery attended the commission of the crime. It noted that "the victim was having after-dinner drinks in his house with his brother and a friend when, without warning, he was shot by the accused-appellant from behind, hitting him in the back of his head which ultimately caused his untimely death."8
Hence, this appeal.
There is no merit in the contention of the accused that he was not positively identified by the eyewitnesses because they failed to disclose his identity to the police authorities immediately after the shooting incident. As correctly found by the trial court and the Court of Appeals, there was justifiable reason for the witnesses’ delay in disclosing the identity of the assailant because of fear for their lives. They were also sternly warned not to testify for the prosecution else they would also be prosecuted. Granting there were inconsistencies, they refer only to minor details, i.e., when and to whom was the identification reported. The fact remains that it was the accused whom the witnesses positively identified as the culprit.
The accused assails the credibility of the prosecution witnesses. Suffice it to state that matters of credibility of witnesses are best addressed to the sound judgment of the trial court, and this Court generally defers to the trial court’s assessment because it has the singular opportunity to observe the demeanor of witnesses and their manner of testifying.9 In this regard, the trial court held that "the identification of the accused as the victim’s assailant by witnesses Gumersindo "Jimmy" Ape and Illuminado Tandog (was) clear, direct and positive compared to the defense’s negative, self-serving denial and alibi."10
The case of People v. Flores11 cited by the accused is not in point. In that case, the Court acquitted the appellants because of serious and inexplicable discrepancies in the declarations of the prosecution’s principal witness.12 In her sworn statement, she claimed that she did not witness the killing of her husband but during her testimony in court, she pointed to and identified the appellants as her husband’s assailants. In the instant case, there is no serious and inexplicable discrepancy in the declarations of Gumersindo and Illuminado. The prosecution witnesses testified that they saw the actual killing but did not immediately disclose the accused’s identity because they feared for their lives. If at all, the inconsistencies refer only to matters such as when and to whom did the witnesses reveal the identity of the accused. These inconsistencies were minor and immaterial and did not negate the fact that both eyewitnesses positively identified the accused as the culprit. Moreover, the failure of Gumersindo and Illuminado to immediately disclose the identity of the accused was justified.1âwphi1 As correctly found by the Court of Appeals:
[T]he fears on the part of the eyewitnesses were not unfounded considering that they were threatened by persons whom they perceived to be behind the killing of the victim. In fact, Gumersindo Ape was summoned by Aurelio Dinorog, brother-in-law of the victim and ex-mayor of Catigbian. In his testimony, Gumersindo narrated that the purpose of the meeting was to prevent him from testifying in the case or else some harm will befall him. For his part, Illuminado was made one of the respondents in a criminal complaint for frustrated murder initiated by the said Aurelio Dinorog after the filing of the case for murder against accused-appellant.13
We agree with the trial court and the Court of Appeals in awarding the civil indemnities in favor of Epifanio Tandog, the father of the victim, rather than to the latter’s wife and children, in view of the peculiarities of the instant case.
Two years before the killing, the wife of the victim left their conjugal abode in Catigbian, Bohol and stayed in Tagbilaran City because of frequent altercations concerning their properties and the fact that the victim allegedly had a mistress. When the suspect for the killing was identified, the wife and children of the deceased refused to file charges against the accused. It was Epifanio who filed the suit and hired the services of a lawyer. The wife and the children of the deceased did not give any assistance in the prosecution of the case. In fact, during trial, they were even presented as witnesses for the defense. When asked why they testified for the accused, they claimed that they were seeking justice and truth. However, upon further interrogation, they admitted that they did not know whether or not the accused was the killer. We find this strange and contrary to human behavior. Since they did not know for sure whether the accused was the perpetrator of the crime or not, as in fact, they did not present any evidence to prove the accused’s innocence, then there is absolutely no reason for them to testify in his favor. Moreover, the defense failed to successfully rebut the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses that some relatives of the victim’s wife dissuaded them from testifying for the prosecution. We have also reviewed the records and found no instance where the wife and son of the deceased claim that they suffered wounded feelings or mental anguish for his death. Besides, the wife and son of the deceased did not raise as an issue the award of civil indemnities in favor of Epifanio Tandog.
WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Decision of the Court of Appeals dated September 11, 2006 affirming the Decision of the Regional Trial Court of Tagbilaran City, Branch 2, finding accused Jonas Bustamante guilty of murder and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to pay Epifanio Tandog and his heirs the amounts of ₱50,000.00 as civil indemnity, ₱50,000.00 as moral damages, and ₱10,000.00 as attorney’s fees, is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
CONSUELO YNARES-SANTIAGO
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
MA. ALICIA AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ
Associate Justice
MINITA V. CHICO-NAZARIO
Associate Justice |
ANTONIO EDUARDO B. NACHURA
Associate Justice |
RUBEN T. REYES
Associate Justice
A T T E S T A T I O N
I attest that the conclusions in the above decision were reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
CONSUELO YNARES-SANTIAGO
Associate Justice
Chairperson, Third Division
C E R T I F I C A T I O N
Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution and the Division Chairperson’s Attestation, it is hereby certified that the conclusions in the above Decision were reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
REYNATO S. PUNO
Chief Justice
Footnotes
1 Records, p. 16.
2 Id. at 27.
3 Id. at 231-234.
4 Penned by Judge Baudilio K. Dosdos.
5 Records, p. 240.
6 Id.
7 CA rollo, pp. 223-233. Penned by Associate Justice Isaias P. Dicdican and concurred in by Associate Justices Romeo F. Barza and Priscilla Baltazar-Padilla.
8 Rollo, p. 12.
9 Pang-oden v. Lemen, G.R. No. 138939, December 6, 2006, 510 SCRA 93, 100.
10 Records, p. 235.
11 377 Phil. 1009 (1999).
12 Id. at 1014.
13 CA rollo, pp. 228-229.
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