Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
THIRD DIVISION
G.R. No. 173256 October 9, 2007
AFI INTERNATIONAL TRADING CORPORATION (ZAMBOANGA BUYING STATION) and CELEDONIO RAYMUNDO, JR., Petitioners,
vs.
DENNIS G. LORENZO and CECILIO S. SORSAN, Respondents.
D E C I S I O N
NACHURA, J.:
In illegal dismissal cases, the onus of proving that the employee was not dismissed or if dismissed, that the dismissal was not illegal, rests on the employer and failure to discharge that burden would mean that the dismissal is not justified and therefore illegal.1 We reiterate that principle in this case.
Petitioner AFI International Trading Corporation (or AFI) is a corporation engaged in buying and manufacturing marine and seafood products. Respondent Dennis Lorenzo was hired by AFI as processor on April 12, 1991, followed by respondent Cecilio S. Sorsan on February 6, 1992. Respondents were paid on a monthly basis.2
In March 1999, AFI started paying respondents on a piece-rate or per-kilo basis. Respondents were assured that it would only be temporary, but it continued for several years. Hence, on January 14, 2002, respondents went to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and inquired on the effects of this manner of payment on the nature of their employment. AFI learned of their visit to the DOLE, and upon respondents’ reporting to work on January 16, 2002, AFI’s general manager Celedonio Raymundo, Jr., informed them that they can no longer work and ordered them to leave the premises. Still hoping that they would be allowed to work, respondents returned to AFI three days later, but Raymundo prevented them from entering the premises and declared that they were already terminated. Hence, this complaint for illegal dismissal against the petitioners.3
Petitioners, on the other hand, presented a different version, and maintained that respondents were dismissed for just cause and with due process. They asserted that respondents, who had no approved application for leave, did not report for work beginning January 16, 2002; that on January 21, 2002, they required respondents to explain their unauthorized absences, but the latter failed to do so. Petitioners concluded that respondents’ unauthorized absences constitute gross and habitual neglect of duty, justifying the termination of their employment.4
On April 17, 2002, the Labor Arbiter rendered a Decision, viz.:
The undersigned hereby finds and rule (sic) that there was illegal dismissal. For abandonment to be a valid ground of dismissal, two elements must be proved: The intention of an employee to abandon, coupled with an overt act from which it maybe inferred that the employee has no more intent to resume his work. x x x
Abandonment does not sever employer-employee relationship, it is merely a form of neglect of duty, which is in turn a just cause for termination of employment. The operative act that will ultimately put an end to this relation is the dismissal of the employee after complying with the procedure prescribed by law. If the employer does not follow this procedure there is illegal dismissal, as in this case, when the [petitioners] simply refused to let the [respondents] work, thereby effecting their actual dismissal. Thus, there is actually no abandonment. As a matter of fact, after [petitioners] told them that they are already terminated, still, they reported back for work on 19 January 2002 in the hope that [petitioners] might consider his stand, however, they were refused and told them (sic) they are already terminated.
The alleged notice dated 21 January 2002 addressed to the [respondents], requiring them to explain why they should not be terminated because of abandonment of work was made and served to them only after they were refused entry in the work premises by the [petitioners]. This does not cure the flaws in the manner by which [petitioners] dismissed the [respondents]. In fact, the sending of the notices appears to have been a mere afterthought on the part of the [petitioners] to formalize the subject dismissals which had actually been already carried out.
Moreover the fact that the [respondents] also filed this case on 21 January 2002, or only five (5) days from the date of their dismissal on 16 January 2002, belies the charge of abandonment made against them by [petitioners].
[Respondents’] dismissals being illegal for lack of just cause as well as lack of due process, as explained above, the [respondents] are entitled to reinstatement (Art. 279 of the Labor Code, as amended). Since, however, they expressly prays (sic) for separation pay x x x, the same shall be granted to them in lieu of reinstatement. x x x5
On appeal by petitioners, the NLRC reversed the Labor Arbiter, holding that the latter abused his discretion in delving into the issue of abandonment when the dismissal was grounded on gross and habitual neglect of duty. While declaring that a five-day absence would not constitute gross and habitual neglect of duty, the NLRC denied respondents their backwages and separation pay, reasoning that the latter were never dismissed, but voluntarily terminated their employment. In ruling so, it declared that there was no overt act of termination on the part of petitioners to warrant the conclusion that respondents were dismissed on January 16, 2002. The termination was belied by petitioners’ memorandum on January 21, 2002, requiring explanation for their unauthorized absences. On the other hand, the voluntary termination was apparent when respondents prayed for separation pay, in lieu of their reinstatement. Not having been terminated, respondents are, therefore, not entitled to backwages and separation pay.
Respondents went to the Court of Appeals via certiorari. On January 27, 2006, the Court of Appeals rendered a Decision6 setting aside the resolutions of the NLRC. In gist, the Court of Appeals ruled against the legality of respondents’ dismissal for want of just or valid cause. It rejected the petitioners’ posturing that the absences incurred by the respondents constituted neglect, much less were these gross and habitual, justifying their dismissal. Accordingly, it sustained the award of backwages and separation pay in favor of the respondents.
AFI filed a motion for reconsideration, but the Court of Appeals denied it on May 26, 2006.7
Hence, this appeal by petitioners, positing that:
THE HONORABLE COURT COMMITTED SERIOUS REVERSIBLE ERROR IN REVERSING AND SETTING ASIDE THE DECISION OF THE PUBLIC RESPONDENT NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION (NLRC).8
Relying upon the basic rule in evidence that each party must prove his affirmative allegation, petitioners assert that respondents failed to establish that they had been illegally dismissed. Respondents offered no proof to substantiate their barefaced allegation of dismissal. Thus, they fault the Court of Appeals for sustaining respondents.
As stated at the outset, in illegal dismissal cases, the employer is burdened to prove just cause for terminating the employment of its employees with clear and convincing evidence. Article 277(b) of the Labor Code9 of the Philippines puts on the employer the burden of proving that the dismissal of an employee was for a valid or authorized cause, whether the latter admits or does not admit the dismissal.10 Thus, petitioners must not only rely on the weakness of respondents’ evidence, but must stand on the merits of their own defense.11
Petitioners denied that they dismissed the respondents. They insist that there was no overt or positive act of termination to justify the respondents’ claim of illegal termination. Such protestation strikes the Court as a strained attempt to rationalize an untenable position.
Notably, before the Labor Arbiter, petitioners never denied that respondents were terminated. In fact, they vehemently justified respondents’ dismissal claiming that it was for just cause and upon compliance with due process.12 It was only when the NLRC ruled, albeit erroneously, that respondents voluntarily terminated their employment, that petitioners sang a different song, so to speak, and denied that respondents were dismissed. This Court will not allow this obvious turnaround. The change of theory by the petitioners at this stage cannot prosper.
Respondents were dismissed for gross and habitual neglect of duty. Gross negligence connotes want of care in the performance of one's duties, while habitual neglect implies repeated failure to perform one's duties for a period of time, depending upon the circumstances. The single or isolated act of negligence does not constitute a just cause for the dismissal of the employee.13
In this light, we agree with the following disquisition of the Court of Appeals rejecting petitioners’ claim:
[C]ontrary to its claim, [petitioners] utterly failed to show that [respondents] committed gross neglect of duty as to warrant their dismissal.
Based on the records, [respondents] had been working for private respondents as raw processors of marine and seafood products for 10 years and as far as employer-employee relationship is concerned, those 10 years were uneventful. It was only on January 16, 2002, two days after [respondents] went to the Department of Labor and Employment that Mr. Raymundo. Jr. discouraged them from working with the company, perceiving that [respondents] went to DOLE to make a negative report against the employer. When [respondents] returned to work on January 19, 2002, Mr. Raymundo, Jr. told them that they had been laid off from work and that they will just have to wait for the results of their complaint. These allegations were contained in the joint affidavit of [respondents] attached to their position paper of which a copy had been served to [petitioners]. But [petitioners] never denied or disputed them. It is, therefore, difficult to believe [petitioners’] claim that [respondents’] continued absences for 5 consecutive days without any approved application for leave constitutes gross and habitual neglect of duty.
[Petitioners] are not quite correct in claiming that [respondents] were absent for five (5) consecutive days from January 16, 2002. [Respondents] reported for work on the 16th and the 19th of January 2002, but Mr. Raymundo, Jr. prevented them from working. This, if indeed they were absent, only three (3) days shall be counted. But even then, their absences was (sic) not on account of neglect of duty. It was on account of Raymundo’s coaxing them that they should not work with the company anymore and the fact that they had been terminated.14
Undoubtedly, no just cause exists to warrant the respondents’ dismissal.
Lack of just cause in terminating the respondents rendered their dismissal illegal. Consequently, they are entitled to reinstatement to their former positions without loss of seniority rights and payment of back wages. However, if such reinstatement proves impracticable and hardly in the best interest of the parties, perhaps due to the lapse of time since their dismissal,15 or if the employee decides not to be reinstated,16 respondents should be awarded separation pay in lieu of reinstatement. We, therefore, agree with the Labor Arbiter and the Court of Appeals that separation pay in lieu of reinstatement and back wages is warranted in this case.
In fine, we find no reversible error in the assailed rulings of the Court of Appeals.
WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Decision and Resolution of the Court of Appeals, in CA-G.R. SP. No. 75924, are AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
ANTONIO EDUARDO B. NACHURA
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
CONSUELO YNARES-SANTIAGO
Associate Justice
Chairperson
MA. ALICIA AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ
Associate Justice |
MINITA V. CHICO-NAZARIO
Associate Justice |
RUBEN T. REYES
Associate Justice
A T T E S T A T I O N
I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision were reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
CONSUELO YNARES-SANTIAGO
Associate Justice
Chairperson, Third Division
C E R T I F I C A T I O N
Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution and the Division Chairperson's Attestation, I certify that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
REYNATO S. PUNO
Chief Justice
Footnotes
1 Great Southern Maritime Services Corporation v. Acuña, G.R. No. 140189, February 28, 2005, 452 SCRA 422, 437.
2 Labor Arbiter’s Decision, rollo, pp. 69-73.
3 Id.
4 Rollo, pp. 55-64.
5 Id. at 71-72.
6 Penned by Associate Justice Teresita Dy-Liacco Flores, with Associate Justices Rodrigo F. Lim, Jr. and Ramon R. Garcia, concurring; rollo, pp. 27-37.
7 Rollo, p. 46.
8 Id. at 16.
9 ART. 277. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS:
x x x x
Subject to the constitutional right of the workers to security of tenure and their right to be protected against dismissal except for a just and valid and authorized cause and without prejudice to the requirement of notice under Article 283 of this Code, the employer shall furnish the worker whose employment is sought to be terminated a written notice containing a statement of the causes for termination and shall afford the latter ample opportunity to be heard and defend himself with the assistance of his representative if he so desires in accordance with company rules and regulations promulgated pursuant to the guidelines set by the Department of Labor and Employment. Any decision taken by the employer shall be without prejudice to the right of the workers to contest the validity or legality of his dismissal by filing a complaint with the regional branch of the National Labor Relations Commission. The burden of proving that the termination was for a valid or authorized cause shall rest on the employer. x x x
10 Sevillana v. I.T. (International) Corporation/Samir Maddah & Travellers Insurance & Surety Corp., 408 Phil. 570, 584 (2001)..
11 Great Southern Maritime Services Corporatin v. Acuña, supra note 1, at 437.
12 Position Paper, rollo, pp. 55-64.
13 Genuino Ice Co., Inc. v. Magpantay, G.R. No. 147740, June 27, 2006, 493 SCRA 195, 205-206.
14 Rollo, pp. 32-33.
15 National Bookstore, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 428 Phil. 235, 247 (2002).
16 Velasco v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 161694, June 26, 2006, 492 SCRA 686, 699.
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