SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 138494 November 21, 2002
LEOSANDRO MELAYO Y LUHA, petitioner,
vs.
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, respondent.
D E C I S I O N
QUISUMBING, J.:
In this petition for review on certiorari, petitioner Leosandro1 Melayo assails the decision2 of the Court of Appeals dated December 1, 1998, in CA-G.R. CR No. 21105, which affirmed in toto the ruling of the trial court finding him guilty of theft and sentencing him to suffer an indeterminate prison term of six (6) years of prision correccional, as minimum, to twelve (12) years of prision mayor, as maximum, and ordering him to pay private complainant, Theresa Mina, actual damages at the amount of P19,000 for the value of her stolen articles, plus interests and costs.
Petitioner was charged with the crime of theft before the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 1, in an information that reads:
That on or about the 23rd day of September 1993, in the City of Manila, Philippines, the said accused did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously, with intent of gain and without the knowledge and consent of the owner thereof, take, steal and carry away the following, to wit:
One colored Sony television set - P16,000.00
One Imarflex rechargeable lamp- 1,500.00
Assorted clothings - 1,000.00
Sleeping bag - 500.00
belonging to THERESA3 G. MINA to the damage and prejudice of said owner in the aforesaid amount of P19,000.00, Philippine currency.
Contrary to law.4
The accused pleaded not guilty.5 Trial on the merits then ensued.
For the prosecution, the following witnesses were presented: private complainant Theresa Mina, her sister-in-law Amelita Mina, and barangay chairman Dominador Mangalos.
THERESA G. MINA testified that in the morning of September 23, 1993, she requested help from herein petitioner Leosandro Melayo to carry her belongings to safety while her house was being razed by fire. She said that petitioner, whom she saw for the first time that day, took her belongings and then disappeared. Because of the confusion brought by the fire, she was not able to report the incident to the police.
Five months later, that is on February 23, 1994, private complainant said she saw petitioner at the corner of Sagat and Santiago Streets. It was only then that she went to the barangay chairman to report that he took her belongings. The chairman, together with a barangay tanod (guard), looked for the house of petitioner and invited him to the barangay hall. There, private complainant asked petitioner where he took the things that were stolen from her. Petitioner denied the accusations against him.
Private complainant then requested the barangay chairman to accompany her to petitioner’s house to look for the clothes he wore during the incident. Petitioner’s aunt gave them permission to enter the house. Once inside, private complainant saw clothes hanging on the wall, which she identified as those allegedly worn by petitioner during the fire. The barangay chairman then asked petitioner to try on the pants and polo. Petitioner, his cousin Leo6 Mansalapus, and their housemate Algernon Lampas tried on the clothes. The clothes fit all three.
As to the value of the property allegedly stolen, private complainant testified that the 14" Sony Colored TV was worth P16,000, the Imarflex rechargeable lamp P1,000, the sleeping bag P500, and the clothes P1,000, totalling P19,000.7
On cross-examination, private complainant admitted that prior to her complaint before the barangay, she did not know petitioner, except by face. Also, during the fire, it was she who approached petitioner to ask for help with her belongings. According to her, she saw him for a total of about five minutes before he disappeared. Finally, she admitted that when the barangay tanod looked for the house of petitioner, she did not go with them.8
Witness AMELITA MINA corroborated her sister-in-law’s testimony and said that they were together when the fire broke out on September 23, 1993. She likewise said that it was Theresa who sought the help of petitioner in carrying their belongings.9 On cross-examination, the witness also said that they only reported the loss of their belongings on February 23, 1994, five months after the incident happened.10
The third witness for the prosecution, barangay chairman DOMINADOR MANGALOS, testified that on February 25 at around 9 or 10 o’clock in the evening, Theresa Mina came to him and said that she saw the man who took her belongings during the fire which occurred in Sagat Street months earlier. Petitioner and private complainant then met at the barangay hall. Later, private complainant asked if they could look inside petitioner’s house to see if some of her belongings were still in there. With the permission of petitioner’s aunt, they entered the house and saw clothes that were allegedly used by the man who helped her move the things during the fire. He asked Leosandro if the clothes were his and he answered yes. Then there was a hearing at the barangay headquarters to see if the parties could reach a settlement, which failed. Finally, he testified that petitioner never admitted to the commission of the offense.11
On cross-examination, barangay chairman Mangalos admitted that even though they went and searched the house of petitioner, they did not find any of the alleged personal belongings lost by the private complainant. He also admitted that when the clothes, allegedly used by the petitioner during the incident, were seen by the chairman and the private complainant, Leo Mansalapus claimed they were his and upon trying them on, the clothes fit him as well. Moreover, the barangay chairman admitted that the kind of clothing allegedly used by the culprit is very ordinary and could be worn by anyone.12
The defense, for its part, presented the following: petitioner Leosandro Melayo and his witnesses Leo Mansalapus and Algernon Lampas.
In his testimony, petitioner LEOSANDRO MELAYO said that he was born on October 6, 1976. He testified that in the morning of September 23, 1993, shortly before 9 o’clock, he was working at Lucky Brakes Spare Parts at Gen. Luna St., Paco, Manila when his employer, Anita Cojuangco, told him there was a fire at Sagat Street where he lived. He then went to his cousin, Leo Mansalapus, at the shop to inform him of the fire. They immediately ran home.
Petitioner stressed that at the time, he was wearing maong shorts and white t-shirt because his job entailed heavy manual labor.
Upon reaching Sagat Street, petitioner found the fire raging in front of their house. So he and his cousin went inside and saved some of their belongings. He picked up a small bag and a washbasin containing clothes and one small electric fan.
According to petitioner, there were numerous persons in the area at the time, around 100 to 200, including the police, barangay tanod, and firemen.
After getting their belongings, petitioner and his cousin went to the corner of Lopez Jaena and Santiago Streets where his cousin’s wife was waiting. There they stayed. Petitioner emphasized that he could not leave that corner because he was looking after their belongings. Around 11 A.M. they were told by the firemen that they could go back to their houses because the fire was already out.
Petitioner reiterated that he did not see private complainant during the fire nor did he know her before that. The first time he saw her was on February 23, 1994 in the barangay headquarters. There, Theresa Mina accused him of taking her belongings which he consistently denied.
They agreed that she would go to their house to see if any of her belongings were there. She did not find any. Instead, she saw a brown polo shirt and khaki pants which she claimed petitioner wore on the day of the incident. She had him put on these clothes. Petitioner acceded together with his cousin and housemate. But upon inspection, the pants had a school ID, that of Algernon.13
The testimony of LEO MANSALAPUS mostly corroborated petitioner’s. But he added that per his estimate, there were around 1,000 people in the area during the fire. He also said that he and petitioner saved a black and white TV set, an electric fan, and a basin containing clothes which they brought to the corner of Lopez Jaena and Santiago Streets where his wife was waiting.14
On cross-examination, witness Mansalapus admitted that he and petitioner Melayo are first cousins. But he reiterated that the only reason he is testifying for Melayo is that the latter did not commit any crime.15
ALGERNON LAMPAS testified that he and petitioner were housemates at 1208 Sagat Street, Paco, Manila.16 On September 23, 1993, he saw outside their window a fire raging about six to seven meters from their house. He immediately told his cousin, the wife of Mansalapus, about it and they went out of the house together with the children. They went to the corner of Lopez Jaena St. Soon, Melayo and Mansalapus arrived. The two went to their house and returned with their black and white TV, electric fan, and a basin of clothes. Around 11 A.M., the fire was put out and they were told to return to their houses.
On February 23, 1994, the barangay tanod went to their house and invited them to the barangay hall. That was the first time, the witness said that he saw private complainant. She was complaining about her TV set. Then private complainant, together with the barangay chairman and tanod, went to their house to look for her missing properties. There she saw witness’ shirt and pants. She told the barangay chairman that these were the clothes worn by the person who took her TV. Upon inspection of the pants, they found the witness’ wallet with a student ID. Then they asked each of the three, Leosandro, Leo and Algernon to fit the pants.17
On March 3, 1997, the trial court rendered a decision convicting the petitioner, decreeing as follows:
WHEREFORE, this court finds the accused LEOSANDRO MELAYO y LUHA GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of theft with the aggravating circumstance of being committed on the occasion of a conflagration and pursuant to law hereby sentences him to suffer the indeterminate prison term of six (6) years of prision correccional as minimum to twelve (12) years of prision mayor as maximum, and to pay the costs.
Further, the accused is ordered to pay complainant Theresa Mina actual damages in the sum of P19,000.00 representing the value of the stolen articles with interests thereon at the legal rate from the date of the filing of this case, i.e., July 11, 1994, until fully paid.
SO ORDERED.18
The petitioner appealed to the Court of Appeals, which ruled against him, thus:
WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is hereby AFFIRMED in toto, with costs against accused-petitioner.
SO ORDERED.19
Hence, this petition with the following assignment of errors:
I
THE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN IMPOSING THE WRONG PENALTY ON THE ACCUSED WHEN IT FAILED TO CONSIDER THE MINOR AGE OF THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT [PETITIONER] AT THE TIME OF THE ALLEGED COMMISSION OF THE CRIME AS PRIVILEGE MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE.
II
THE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN NOT CONSIDERING THAT THE TESTIMONY ON THE VALUE OF THE T.V. SET IS INCREDIBLE AND OBVIOUSLY BLOATED.
III
THE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN CONCLUDING THAT THE PRIVATE COMPLAINANT THERESA MINA AND AMELITA MINA POSITIVELY IDENTIFIED THE ACCUSED.20
Simply stated, the issues of this case are: (1) whether or not petitioner’s guilt has been proved beyond reasonable doubt; and (2) if so, whether or not the alleged minority of petitioner affects his liability; and (3) whether or not the trial court correctly appraised the value of the stolen goods.
In his brief, petitioner questions the alleged positive identification made by the private complainant Theresa and her sister-in-law since they admitted that they did not know petitioner prior to the conflagration. They only saw the person who took their belongings for a brief period while the extraordinary event was taking place.21
Second, petitioner points out that it was not clear during the presentation of the prosecution’s evidence how the barangay officials were able to establish the identity of petitioner considering that private complainant was not with the barangay officials when they tried to locate petitioner’s residence. Further, private complainant failed to give to the barangay officials the personal description of petitioner after allegedly seeing the latter at a nearby street.22
Third, petitioner calls attention to the fact that there was a lapse of five months from the subject incident up to the time private complainant saw petitioner on February 23, 1994, at a street corner.
Finally, petitioner cites an entry in the Record Book of the Barangay in connection with the confrontation between the parties which reads: "Sa Pulis Center hindi rin nakulong sa kakulangan ng sapat na ebidensya. Matindi ang kutob at hinala ni Teresa Mina."23
On the second issue, petitioner states that the Court of Appeals should have considered his minor age as a privileged mitigating circumstance. He insists that during the direct examination, it was established that he was 17 years old at the time of the alleged incident, which admission was not refuted by the prosecution.
Finally, on the third issue, petitioner also questions the findings of the trial court as to the value of the stolen properties. According to him, the prices of the goods stolen were bloated by private complainant.
In its comment, the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) points out that the Court of Appeals did not commit any error in according superior credence to the testimony of private complainant as to the identity of petitioner and the value of the stolen goods. These, according to the OSG, are questions of fact and involve the appreciation of evidence and credibility of witnesses, which are not proper in this review. In petitions for review under Rule 45 of the Revised Rules of Court, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, according to the OSG, is limited to reviewing only errors of law. The OSG further claims that factual findings of the trial court as well as the Court of Appeals are final and conclusive and may not be reviewed on appeal.
The OSG also contends that the Court of Appeals did not err in not appreciating minority in this case. According to the OSG, the burden of proving that petitioner was a minor at the time of the commission of the crime is on petitioner. The best evidence of one’s age is the birth certificate, which was not presented in this case.
We find the present petition impressed with merit. The identification of petitioner as the felon who allegedly stole private complainant’s appliances and other belongings is so flawed it hardly deserves consideration. Moreover, the accused is presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, a presumption so basic it cannot be disregarded on flimsy evidence presented by the prosecution. It cannot be overcome by suspicion or conjecture, i.e., a probability that the accused committed the crime or that he had the opportunity to do so. To overcome the presumption of innocence, proof beyond reasonable doubt of every fact essential to constitute the offense with which the accused is charged, must be clearly established by the prosecution.24 Here, the prosecution failed in this regard, so that the conviction of petitioner ought to be reversed and set aside.
Conviction must be based on the strength of the prosecution and not on the weakness of the defense --- the obligation is upon the shoulders of the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused, not on the accused to prove his innocence. Thus, when the evidence for the prosecution is not enough to sustain a conviction, it must be rejected and the accused absolved and released at once. We emphasize that the great goal of our criminal law and procedure is not to send people to jail but to do justice.25
In this case, it cannot be said that petitioner’s guilt has been proved to a moral certainty. The sole basis of his conviction is the claim of private complainant that someone took her belongings on September 23, 1993. But she herself admitted that she saw that person for only about five minutes, while there were many people running around in the confusion of a raging fire.26 It should also be emphasized that five months passed from the date of the conflagration to the date when private complainant chanced upon petitioner in a corner along Sagat Street. That was only then that she reported her lost properties to a barangay official. While she might not be impelled by any ill motive, there is no assurance that her recollection of what happened almost half a year earlier would be unaffected by the lapse of time.
Despite ocular inspection by private complainant, assisted by the barangay officials and her sister-in-law, not one of her belongings was found in the possession of petitioner in his residence. As held by this Court in previous cases, proof that the accused is in possession of a stolen property gives rise to a valid presumption that he stole it.27 Absent any proof of any stolen property in the possession of petitioner, no presumption of guilt will arise. The presumption of innocence prevails in his favor.
Private complainant insists that the pieces of clothing she saw at the residence of petitioner were the same clothing worn by the person who took her belongings months before. As established during the trial, these clothes were the school uniform of Algernon Lampas, petitioner’s housemate. How this circumstance could pinpoint petitioner as the culprit who stole private complainant’s belongings defies logic. We have held that for evidence to be believed, it must not only proceed from the mouth of a credible witness but must be credible in itself such as the common experience and observation of mankind can approve as probable under the circumstances.28 The bare allegation of a distraught individual unsupported by any other evidence cannot be deemed sufficient to overthrow the presumption of innocence. It cannot justify throwing a man to prison, over his consistent denial of any wrongdoing.
Petitioner raises the issue of his minority, which the trial and appellate courts failed to consider. This matter needs to be clarified for the guidance of the parties, though not now necessary to resolve this petition in his favor. The OSG contends that the burden of proving petitioner’s minority is on the defense. Further, since the best evidence of one’s age is the birth certificate of the individual, according to the trial court, the failure of the defense to present such document would not entitle the accused to the benefit of minority.
Note, however, that in People vs. Villaruel,29 this Court held that since the prosecution did not dispute the claim of the accused when he testified that he was a minor at the time of the crime, the mitigating circumstance of minority must therefore be appreciated. In that case the matter of minority was not raised by either the prosecution or the defense, but it was considered by the Court since an appeal in a criminal case opens it up for review on all questions. If the accused alleges minority and the prosecution does not disprove his claim by contrary evidence, such allegation can be accepted as a fact, since any doubt in respect of the age of the accused is resolved in his favor.30
Finally, we need not tarry on the third issue presented to us. The value of the goods allegedly stolen loses pertinence and significance since there is no sufficient evidence shown to hold petitioner liable for the offense charged.
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR No. 21105, is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Petitioner LEOSANDRO L. MELAYO is ACQUITTED for lack of evidence to sustain his conviction.
SO ORDERED.
Bellosillo, (Chairman), Mendoza, and Callejo, Sr., JJ., concur.
Austria-Martinez, J., on leave.
Footnotes
1 Also spelled as Leozandro in some parts of the records.
2Rollo, pp. 22-39.
3 Also spelled as Teresa in some parts of the records.
4 Records, p. 1.
5 Id. at 26.
6 Also referred to as Rizaleo.
7 TSN, November 9, 1994, pp. 4-12.
8 TSN, November 21, 1994, pp. 5-12.
9 TSN, December 5, 1994, p. 4.
10 Id. at 10.
11 TSN, February 27, 1995, pp. 3-6.
12 Id. at 9-12.
13 TSN, October 2, 1995, pp. 5-26.
14 TSN, May 23, 1996, pp. 3-18.
15 TSN, July 8, 1996, pp. 15-16.
16 TSN, July 18, 1996, p. 5.
17 Id. at 5-20.
18 CA Rollo, p. 34.
19 Id. at 87.
20 Rollo, p. 10.
21 Id. at 13-14.
22 Id. at 14.
23 Id. at 16.
24 People vs. Mamalias, 328 SCRA 760, 771-772 (2000).
25 Id. at 773.
26 TSN, November 21, 1994, pp. 8-12.
27 People vs. Malimit, 264 SCRA 167, 180 (1996).
28 People vs. San Juan, 326 SCRA 786, 797-798 (2000).
29 261 SCRA 386, 397 (1996).
30 David vs. CA, 290 SCRA 727, 745 (1998).
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