Manila
SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 123803 February 26, 1998
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,
vs.
PASTOR JERUSALEM MEDEL, accused-appellant.
PUNO, J.:
Appellant Jerusalem Medel seeks to reverse the Decision1 of the trial court, dated October 4, 1995, finding him guilty of raping complainant Axel Rose Rula.2
The complainant and the appellant were members of the Student Missionary Outreach (SMO), a Christian organization conducting bible studies in different schools and universities. At the time of the incident, complainant was the national treasurer of SMO while appellant was the Officer-in-Charge and member of the SMO Board of Trustees. Complainant was twenty five (25) years old, unmarried and had a boyfriend, Orly. Appellant, on the other hand, was thirty (30) years old and married to Dinah Medel, a physician, with whom he has two children.3
There is no question that appellant and complainant had coitus at Veny's Inn in Baguio City on November 9, 1993. The issue is whether appellant forced the complainant to have sex or whether they engaged in consensual sexual intercourse.
The prosecution evidence show that on November 7, 1993, appellant, complainant, and Reverend Alejo Calopes,4 went to Tadian, Mountain Province, to resolve a conflict involving two (2) members of their organization. They took the 11:00 p.m. bus and arrived in Baguio at 5:00 a.m. the following day. They boarded another bus bound for Tadian which they reached at 4:00 p.m. They met with the members of their organization and successfully settled their dispute.5
The next day, November 9, at about 7:30 a.m., appellant, complainant, and Rev. Calopes headed back to Baguio City. They reached Baguio at about 4:00 p.m. Appellant suggested that they roam around the city and buy some
"pasalubong" before going home. Complainant agreed as it was her first time in Baguio. Rev. Calopes begged off for he had to attend to important matters. He took the 4:30 p.m. trip to Manila.6
After Rev. Calopes left, appellant told complainant that their trip to Manila would be at 11:00 p.m. They inquired from an employee at the bus station if they could temporarily leave their things for safekeeping. They were told that the bus company would not take any responsibility for lost baggage. Appellant then suggested that they deposit their things in a lodging house. Complainant rejected the suggestion. She said: "Pastor, ayoko po sa ganyang lugar, hindi po magandang tingnan, Kristiyano pa naman tayo." To allay her fears, he replied: "Huwag kang mag-alala, at bakit tayo magi-guilty? Basta alam nating wala naman tayong ginagawang masama, hindi tayo dapat mahiya." In jest, he said he had no plan to rape her.7
Appellant and complainant checked in at Veny's Inn along Session Road at about 5:45 p.m. Complainant registered her name on the registry book on appellant's instruction. They kept their belongings in their room. After a while, they proceeded to the public market and bought "pasalubong." They also went sight-seeing, took pictures and, later in the evening, dined in a restaurant. All those times, appellant did not convey any evil desire towards complainant.8
At about 8:30 p.m., they returned to Veny's Inn. Their room was small — it had only a bed, a table and a small private bathroom. Complainant sat on the bed to rest. She stayed awake for their 11:00 p.m. trip. Appellant refreshed himself by taking a shower.9
At about 9:20 p.m., appellant emerged from the bathroom clad in brief. He then told her: "Alam mo, noong una palang, crush na kita, matagal na kitang gustong maangkin." She was stunned as he continued saying: "Kapag nakikita kita, palagi akong nag we-wet dreams." Finally, complainant was able to retort: "Ang bastos-bastos mo. Pastor ka pa naman." She walked towards the door but appellant locked it. He grabbed her upper arms and laid her down on the bed. She struggled as she pled: "Huwag, ayoko, maawa ka." Appellant sat on her belly, choked her with his right hand and delivered a strong blow on her left shoulder. He kissed her on the face, lips and neck and then forcibly took off her pants and underwear. The pants' zipper was torn in the process. They wrestled for an hour before he managed to subdue her.ℒαwρhi৷ She felt excruciating pain when he penetrated her. He was done in fifteen (15) minutes.10
Complainant picked up her pants and underwear and went to the bathroom. She cried but could not shout due to exhaustion. When she came out of the bathroom, appellant threatened her with death if she would reveal the incident.
At about 10:45 p.m., complainant and appellant checked out of Veny's Inn. They proceeded to the bus terminal. Complainant cried throughout the
trip.11 She was again warned not to tell anyone of the incident because nobody will listen to her. Appellant boasted that their congregation would believe whatever he would tell them. He also showed her a military badge and bragged about his "connections" in the military. The threats cowed her into silence.12
Since then, complainant started to avoid the appellant. Allegedly, she would hurriedly fix her things and leave when she sensed she was left alone in the office with appellant. However, on four (4) occasions, appellant obliged her to go to his house because his wife, Dr. Dinah Medel,13 would give her vaccines for Hepatitis B.14
Complainant's first visit to Dr. Medel happened on November 18, 1993, nine (9) days after the rape. On said date, appellant accompanied her to his house. Complainant's next visits to Dr. Medel took place on December 9, 1993, January 18, 1994 and February 17, 1994.15
On March 29, 1994, complainant was at the SMO office doing some paper work. She found herself alone in the office with appellant. When appellant closed the door, she hid under her table. Appellant forced her out and said: "Huwag kang tatanggi, sandali lang ito." He then molested her for about fifteen (15) minutes16
On April 11-14, 1994, the SMO held a convention in Malaybalay, Bukidnon. Complainant's boyfriend, Orly, accompanied her to avert appellant's advances. Appellant, however, told complainant that the other pastors were displeased by her boyfriend's presence and they would discuss the matter with her. He warned her not to reveal the Baguio incident, otherwise, he would throw her in a cliff. 17
One week after the convention, complainant decided to relate her misfortune to her aunt, Gloria Trayco.
Gloria Trayco18 is also a missionary at the SMO. She testified that complainant's eyes were swollen when she came home from Baguio in the early morning of November 10, 1993. She thought complainant was just tired from her trip so she left her in her room to rest. Gloria sorted out complainant's dirty clothes for laundry and saw blood stains on her pants and underwear. Complainant attributed them to her menstrual period. Gloria washed complainant's clothes but the blood stains appeared redder than usual. She returned to complainant's room and found her crying. Complainant was hiding her face under a pillow. Gloria took the pillow and noticed a hematoma on her left shoulder. Complainant claimed that the hematoma was due to bad fall in Baguio. Gloria did not discuss the issue any further.19
Gloria noted that complainant's behavior changed after her trip to Baguio. She was no longer jolly. Her zest to work at the SMO vanished. Nonetheless, she just let things be in view of complainant's refusal to open up to her. 20
On April 22, 1994, Gloria persuaded complainant to report to the SMO office because she had been absent for two (2) consecutive days. When complainant refused, she repeatedly asked her why she did not want to work. Complainant then tearfully revealed that she had been raped by appellant. The following day, they reported the rape to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) in Manila.21
Complainant was medically examined by NBI Medico-Legal Officer Aurea Villena. Dr. Villena found an "old-healed complete hymenal laceration" on complainant's genitalia. The laceration was approximately more than three (3) months old. She opined that the age of the laceration was consistent with the date of the rape.22
Complainant's close friend and co-worker Mirasol Valdez also testified for the prosecution. Mirasol lives with complainant and Gloria at the SMO staff house in Cavite. She declared that Dr. Dinah Medel visited them in the staff house and tried but failed to convince complainant to withdraw the rape case against appellant. When Dr. Medel came a third time, complainant did not give her an audience. Dr. Medel then requested Mirasol and Gloria to help her talk to complainant for her children's sake. Complainant was unbending.23
Appellant denied the charge. He claimed that complainant developed a crush on him when she saw him in his office in Taytay in 1988. In 1992, he became the secretary general of SMO and transferred to its national office in Quezon City where complainant was working as its national treasurer. He was temporarily designated as officer-in-charge of SMO later that year when its national director traveled abroad. Appellant's transfer to the national office brought him closer to complainant. She confided to him her personal problems, including her sexual adventures with a former boyfriend, Rolly. They took turns in paying the bills whenever they go out to eat. She also gifted him a desk calendar.24
On November 7, 1993, appellant and Reverend Calopes were to go to Tadian, Mountain Province, for a mission trip. Complainant volunteered to join them when she learned that they would pass by Baguio City. Appellant told complainant that they could not accommodate her due to their limited budget. Complainant offered to pay her fare so she was able to join the trip.25
Their mission to Tadian was successful. On November 9, at about 7:30 a.m., they headed back to Baguio City. The bus arrived in Baguio at about 4:30 p.m. Rev. Calopes left the duo and took the 5:00 p.m. trip to Manila. As it was complainant's first time in Baguio, complainant and appellant decided to stay in the city for a few more hours. They bought tickets for the 11:00 p.m. trip to Manila.26
Appellant and complainant strolled along Session Road. Complainant asked if they could leave their luggage in a lodging house. They passed by Veny's Inn and inquired for its short time rate, from 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. They were informed that the inn had only whole day rates. Appellant then told complainant that the rate was high and it was impractical for them to get a room. Complainant, however, volunteered to take care of the payment. She registered her name on the registry book, took the key from the receptionist and handed it over to appellant. After putting their belongings in the room, they went to the public market. They bought vegetables, fruits and brooms. At about 7:00 p.m., they returned to Veny's Inn for a brief rest.27
That evening, complainant and appellant dined in a restaurant across Burnham Park. They then strolled, exchanged jokes, and soon were holding hands. They decided to see a movie. They engaged in kissing, necking and petting inside the movie house. They returned to Veny's Inn and had sex for about fifteen (15) or twenty (20) minutes. They rested for some minutes and had sex a second time. During that brief rest, complainant confessed that she had gone to a motel before with a former boyfriend named Rolly. She even described the motel's room.28
At about 9:30 p.m., complainant and appellant checked out of Veny's Inn and went to the bus terminal. Complainant stayed at the bus station to look after their luggage while appellant sauntered within the vicinity. He watched a televised PBA basketball game in a nearby store. They took the 11:00 p.m. trip to Manila. They slept and barely talked to each other throughout the trip.29
Complainant and appellant's relationship became more intimate after their trip to Baguio. On one occasion, complainant invited appellant to a lunch date. Thereafter, they went to Delta Theater where they engaged in kissing, necking and petting. They repeated it several days later.30
Complainant also went to appellant's house four (4) times because his wife, Dr. Dinah Medel, gave her vaccines for Hepititis B. She was accompanied by appellant on her first two visits on November 18, 1993 and December 9, 1993. They came ahead of Dr. Medel and she helped prepare the lunch. Dr. Medel and their children came at past twelve. Complainant ate lunch with the family and washed the dishes.31
In December, 1993, the SMO held a Christmas party at their office. Complainant served food and refreshment on appellant and the other guests. She gave him a planner calendar.
On another occasion, appellant brought his wife's electric fan to the SMO office. Complainant borrowed the electric fan from him and used it.32
On January 6, 1994, complainant and appellant had lunch at McDonald's in Monumento. They proceeded to Sunshine Lodge afterwards. They had sex two (2) times that afternoon. While resting, complainant spoke about her new boyfriend, Orly. She confessed that she went to bed with Orly three (3) days after she became his girlfriend.33
During the Bukidnon convention on April 11-14, 1994, Orly accompanied complainant. The members of the SMO Board of Trustees were displeased by his presence. They asked appellant to discuss the problem with complainant. Appellant relayed the board's sentiment to complainant. He also ended their illicit affair as he and his family would settle down in Cagayan de Oro City.34
After the convention, appellant received reports from their office secretary and Rev. Clacio that complainant and Orly were always in their office. He scolded complainant.35 She did not report for work for two days. Appellant learned later that Orly, complainant and Ms. Trayco were looking for him. They appeared furious. Appellant was advised by Rev. Clacio to avoid the office.
After a few days, appellant reported to the office and he found his things stored up in a box placed atop the desk of a security guard. He could not enter their office as its lock had been changed. A note at the door stated that their national director ordered its temporary closure.
On May 1, 1994, an SMO worker informed appellant that Ms. Trayco reported to a group of SMO missionaries that he had sexually abused complainant. He went into hiding when he was told that NBI agents would arrest him. He met with other pastors and members of Valenzuela Gospel Church to seek a meeting with Ms. Trayco and complainant. Their efforts were unsuccessful.36 He was dismissed from the SMO Board of Trustees.37
Dr. Dinah Medel, wife of appellant, also testified for the defense. She declared that after appellant's trip to Tadian, she went to the SMO office and offered to examine its members for Hepatitis B. Complainant availed of her offer. They agreed to meet at Dr. Medel's house for her blood test and vaccination.
Complainant's first visit to the Medels was on November 18, 1993. When Dr. Medel came home for lunch, complainant was already inside the house talking to appellant. There was nothing unusual in their behavior as they lunched together. After lunch, Dr. Medel took blood samples from complainant who was wearing a collarless short sleeved blouse. Dr. Medel did not see any hematoma or bruise on complainant's upper arm or neck.38
After Dr. Medel received the results of the blood test, she asked appellant to inform complainant that she could have the Hepatitis B vaccine in their (Medels') house. Thus, on December 9, 1993, complainant saw Dr. Medel for her first injection. Again, complainant and appellant were already inside the house when Dr. Medel arrived from work. They ate lunch together and thereafter, complainant washed the dishes. Dr. Medel gave complainant her first shot. Dr. Medel then requested complainant to sell some pieces of jewelry from Bangkok. Complainant gladly agreed.39
Complainant's next visit to Dr. Medel was on January 18, 1994. Again, appellant and complainant were already inside the house when Dr. Medel came from work. Complainant assisted the Medels in preparing their lunch. Dr. Medel teased complainant about her weight. Complainant answered that someone is making her healthy.
On February 17, 1994, complainant received her last vaccine shot from Dr. Medel. When Dr. Medel arrived home, she found complainant alone in their house. Appellant had entrusted the key to complainant as he could not accompany her. Complainant surrendered the key to Dr. Medel.40
Dr. Medel confirmed that during the SMO's Christmas party in December 1993, complainant served food on her and appellant. Complainant also gave appellant a desk calendar.41
In March 1994, Dr. Medel dropped by the SMO office. She saw her electric fan on complainant's table. Appellant explained to her that complainant borrowed it from him. Dr. Medel noticed complainant and her husband exchanging glances. On another occasion, she found cassette tapes in their house. Appellant claimed the tapes belonged to complainant.42
On May 17, 1994, the day before the Medels were to go to Cagayan De Oro, Dr. Medel learned from Rev. Clacio that complainant wanted to talk to her. Without her husband's knowledge, Dr. Medel met with complainant at the SMO staff house in Cavite. Dr. Medel was presented complainant's affidavit/complaint against appellant. Dr. Medel confronted appellant in their house. They had a heated argument before appellant admitted his liaison with complainant.43
Dr. Medel tried to convince complainant to withdraw the rape case against appellant but to no avail. She asked prosecution witnesses Valdez and Trayco to help her persuade complainant not to proceed with the case. They told Dr. Medel that it would be difficult to talk to complainant about the case.44
Araceli Cueto, a volunteer worker at SMO, testified that she attended the SMO's Christmas party in December, 1993. She confirmed that complainant served food and refreshments to appellant and his companions.45
In February, 1994, Araceli and her boyfriend went to the SMO office and saw a note posted at the door stating that appellant and complainant would be back at 2:30 p.m. When they were about to leave, they encountered appellant and complainant at the lobby. The two told them that they ate lunch and bought groceries together.46
Araceli also attended the Bukidnon convention. She and complainant stayed in one room. On April 12, 1994, at about lunch time, she saw complainant crying in their room. Complainant told her that the board members would talk to her about her boyfriend. Complainant threatened that if they push her against the wall, she would implicate appellant. Asked what she meant, complainant answered: "Huwag na lang, ate."47
Reverend Noel Clacio also testified for the defense. Sometime in February or March, 1994, he had lunch with appellant and complainant at Cabalen Restaurant in West Avenue, Quezon City. She exchanged jokes with them and paid the bill. Clacio did not sense any feeling of intimacy between appellant and complainant. He described their relationship as business-like.
In March, 1994, Clacio and complainant dined at Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) along North EDSA, Quezon City. Complainant told him that KFC is her favorite place because she and appellant also dine in said fastfood chain.48
Rev. Clacio confirmed that some pastors disliked seeing complainant with her boyfriend during the SMO convention in Bukidnon in 1994. They asked appellant to inform complainant about her indiscretion.49
On the basis of the evidence, the trial court convicted appellant. In this appeal, appellant contends:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CONVICTING THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT DESPITE THE FAILURE OF THE PROSECUTION TO PROVE THE GUILT OF THE ACCUSED BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT; and
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO ADHERE TO THE PRINCIPLES IN REVIEWING THE EVIDENCE ADDUCED IN A PROSECUTION FOR THE CRIME OF RAPE AS CITED IN ITS DECISION REITERATING THE CASE OF PEOPLE VS. CALIXTO (277 SCRA 33);
We acquit the appellant.
The key issue is whether appellant used force and intimidation in having sex with the complainant. To prove force and intimidation complainant testified as follows:50
ATTY. BERNABE:
Q: At the time that you were about to stand up and Pastor Medel closed the door, what did you do next, if any?
(RULA):
A: He grabbed both my hands and forced me down on the bed, Ma'am.
Q: What happened next, if any?
A: When I struggled to free from him, he suddenly held me by the neck and tried to strangle me Ma'am.
Q: And how did you feel at that time?
A: I was very nervous and scared, Ma'am.
Q: And what happened while he was choking you, what else did Pastor Medel do?
A: He tried to open my pants and punched me on the left shoulder, Ma'am.
x x x x x x x x x
Q: . . . what happened next, if any?
A: He tried to pull my pants and because my feet were tired from travel and from roaming around, I developed cramps, Ma'am.
x x x x x x x x x
Q: When he forced to take off your pants, what happened next, if any?
A: Because he was sitting on top of me, he reached for my panty, Ma'am.
Q: After Pastor Medel was able to take off your panty, what happened next, if any?
A: And then he penetrated his penis on my vagina, Ma'am.
Q: When he inserted his penis into your vagina, what were you doing, if any?
A: It was very painful, I almost died and I almost lost my breath when he inserted his penis in my vagina.
ATTORNEY BERNABE:
Your Honor, may we put on record that the victim is crying?
COURT:
I'm observing.
(Witness is crying)
ATTORNEY BERNABE:
Q: May we know if the witness could still answer?
WITNESS:
A: Yes, Ma'am.
x x x x x x x x x
Q: And what happened next, if any?
A: Blood came out from my vagina, Ma'am.
x x x x x x x x x
Q: And what did you do next, if any?
A: After that, I got my panty and my pants and went to the comfort room, Ma'am.
Q: When you went to the comfort room, what was Pastor Medel doing at that time?
x x x x x x x x x
A: He was taking a rest Ma'am.
ATTY. BERNABE:
Q: And while you were inside the comfort room, what were you doing, if any?
A: I cried, I wanted to shout but I was not able to do it because I (was) so weak, Ma'am.
It is our ruling case law that the testimony of the offended party in crimes against chastity should not be received with precipitate credulity for the charge can be easily concocted. We exercise the greatest degree of care and caution before giving full faith and credit to the testimony of complainant.51 We have not hesitated to reverse judgments of conviction when there are strong indications pointing to the possibility that the rape charges were false. Nor have we sustained convictions when the complainant's conduct towards her alleged offender runs counter to human nature or appears uncharacteristic of a victim of such an abominable act.52
In the case at bar, complainant's conduct is contrary to the natural reaction of a woman outraged and robbed of her honor.53 Appellant was unarmed during the alleged sexual assault. Yet, during and after the rape, complainant did not shout nor run for help. She just picked up her pants and underwear, proceeded to the bathroom and cried. She could have rushed to the door after she had put her clothes on since appellant was then resting an bed almost naked. We note that the place where the alleged rape was committed is an inn. It would not have been difficult nor impossible for complainant to call the attention of others to her plight. More perplexing was her silence in the bus station in Baguio while waiting for their 11:00 p.m. trip to Manila. She could have revealed her ordeal to anyone at the said station when appellant left her to watch a televised PBA basketball game. She was even free to go but did not.
When she arrived home, she again remained mum. She even made up excuses on why her pants and underwear were stained with blood and how she got the bruise on her left shoulder. By that time, she was certainly no longer under by the appellant.
Yet, this is not all. The records show that barely nine (9) days after the incident in Baguio, she went with appellant to his house. She had lunch with him and his family and even agreed to sell on a commission basis some pieces of jewelry for appellant's wife, Dr. Medel. Complainant went to appellant's house not just once but four (4) times, quite frequent for someone who claims to have been ravished against her will. On those occasions, she managed to keep her composure in front of appellant and his family that even his wife did not notice anything unusual in their behavior.
The evidence show, further, that during the SMO's Christmas party in December, 1993, complainant acted as if nothing untoward happened between her and the appellant. She served food and refreshments on him and his wife. Complainant also testified:54
ATTY. BERNABE:
Q: Was there an occasion, Miss witness, when you saw Pastor Medel at the office?
x x x x x x x x x
WITNESS (RULA):
A: December, during the Christmas party, Ma'am.
Q: And how did you relate with Pastor Medel during that time?
A: I acted normally and when we meet he always threatened me not to report what happened, Ma'am.
Q: And was there any other occasion that you saw him?
A: Yes, Ma'am.
Q: How did you and Pastor Medel relate with each other?
A: Just the same, I acted normally, Ma'am. (emphasis ours).
Furthermore, Dr. Medel went to the SMO office a few months after complainant was allegedly raped by appellant. Dr. Medel saw her electric fan on complainant's office table. By way of explanation, complainant merely said that she did not use it and that it was appellant who placed the electric fan on her table.
Rape is a heinous crime which can be punished by death. It can be easily concocted and has been concocted for ignoble purposes. In this age of permissiveness, the virtuous Maria Claras who need only to shout rape to get a conviction are now rare breeds. Courts should thus be wary in according undue credulity to claims of rape especially where the sole evidence comes from an alleged victim whose charge is not corroborated and whose conduct during and after the rape is susceptible to different interpretations. In all prosecutions, especially prosecutions for heinous crimes, the accused enjoys the presumption of innocence. Unless the presumption is overcome by evidence establishing the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt, the accused is entitled to mandatory acquittal. In the case at bar, the story of the complainant failed to prove that she was forced by the appellant to engage in sex. While the appellant can be condemned for immorality, he cannot be convicted for rape.1aшphi1
IN VIEW WHEREOF, the judgment appealed from is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Appellant JERUSALEM MEDEL is ACQUITTED on reasonable doubt and his immediate release is ordered, unless there is any other valid cause for his continued incarceration.
SO ORDERED.
Regalado, Melo, Mendoza and Martinez, JJ., concur.
Footnotes
1 Penned by Judge Antonio C. Reyes, Regional Trial Court of Baguio City (Branch 61); Rollo, p. 19.
2 He was sentenced to reclusion perpetua, to indemnity the victim P50,000.00 and to pay the cost of suit.
3 TSN, Axel Rose Rula, October 4, 1994, pp. 4-6.
4 Also referred to as Pastor Lopez in the records. Rev. Calopes is SMO's South Luzon Coordinator.
5 TSN, Axel Rose Rula, October 4, 1994, pp. 5-8.
6 TSN, Axel Rose Rula, October 4, 1994, pp. 9-11.
7 Ibid., p. 12; Ibid., October 25, 1994, pp. 3-4.
8 Ibid., October 25, 1994, pp. 13, 16-18.
9 TSN, Axel Rose Rula, October 25, 1994, pp. 14-15.
10 Ibid., pp. 7, 14-15, 17-18.
11 TSN, Axel Rose Rula, October 25, 1994, p. 19.
12 Exhibit "B".
13 Dr. Dinah Medel is also a member of SMO.
14 TSN, Axel Rose Rula, October 25, 1994, p. 11-13;
15 Ibid.
16 TSN, Axel Rose Rula, October 25, 1994, pp. 7-8.
17 Ibid., pp. 18-19.
18 Also referred to as Gloria Trico in some parts of the records.
19 TSN, Gloria Trayco, October 26, 1994, pp. 3-7.
20 Ibid., p. 8.
21 Ibid., pp. 8-11. A complaint for rape was subsequently filed by Rula before the Fiscal's Office in Baguio City.
22 TSN, Dr. Aurea Villena, November 7, 1994, pp. 5-7; See also Exhibit "A".
23 Affidavit of Mirasol Valdez, dated October 24, 1994, Exhibit "D".
24 TSN, Jerusalem Medel, May 17, 1995, pp. 4-10.
25 TSN, Jerusalem Medel, May 17, 1995, pp. 9-10.
26 Ibid., pp. 10-11.
27 Ibid., pp. 13-16.
28 TSN, Jerusalem Medel, May 17, 1995, pp. 17-20.
29 Ibid., pp. 20-21.
30 Ibid., pp. 24-25.
31 TSN, Jerusalem Medel, May 17, 1995, pp. 23.
32 Ibid., pp. 25-26, 29.
33 Ibid., pp. 26-27.
34 TSN, Jerusalem Medel, May 17, 1995, pp. 31-33.
35 Ibid., pp. 33-34.
36 Ibid., pp. 38-40; Ibid., May 18, 1995. p. 3.
37 Ibid., p. 3, 17-18.
38 TSN, Dr. Dinah Medel, April 20, 1995, pp. 38-40.
39 Ibid., pp. 45-47.
40 TSN, Dr. Dinah Medel, April 20, 1995, pp. 50-51.
41 Ibid., pp. 43-44.
42 Ibid., pp. 52-53.
43 TSN, Dr. Dinah Medel, April 20, 1995, pp. 57-61.
44 Ibid., pp. 62-63.
45 TSN, Araceli Cueto, April 27, 1995, p. 9, 12.
46 Ibid., pp. 9-10.
47 TSN, Araceli Cueto, April 27, 1995, pp. 10-11.
48 TSN, Noel Clacio, April 19, 1995, pp. 5-6.
49 Ibid., pp. 8-10.
50 TSN, Axel Rose Rule, October 4, 1994, pp. 15-19.
51 People vs. Bawar, G.R. No. 119957, September 23, 1996, 262 SCRA 325.
52 People vs. Subido, G.R. No. 115004, February 5, 1996, 253 SCRA 196.
53 People vs. Bawar, supra.
54 TSN, Axel Rose Rula, October 4, 1994, pp. 22-23.
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