Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. L-20718 August 30, 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION FOR ADMISSION TO PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP. ROY B. WATT, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, oppositor-appelant.
G.R. No. L-25693 August 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION, LIM CHING BIO alias OSCAR LIM, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLICOF THE PHILIPPINES, oppositor-appellant.
G.R. No. L-26952 August 30, 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION TO BE ADMITTED A CITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES. ANG TO, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, movant-appellant.
G.R. No. L-27734 August 30, 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION OF DAMIAN PE TO BE ADMITTED A CITITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES. DAMIAN, PE, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OFTHE PHILIPPINES, oppositor-appellant.
G.R. No. L-28496 August 30, 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION TO BE ADMITTED A CITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES. LIM SENG BE, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, oppositor-appellant.
G.R. No. L-28579 August 30, 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION OF UY GIOK CHIU @ MANUEL V. UY GIOK CHIUalias MANUEL V. UY GIOK CHIU, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THEPHILIPPINES, oppositor-appellant.
G.R. No. L-28861 August 30, 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION TO BE ADMITTED A CITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES. NGO TIOK, also known as Lorenzo Wu, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, oppositor-appellant.
G.R. No. L-28941 August 30, 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION TO BE ADMITTED A CITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES. SY BON PIN alias Luis Sy, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, oppositor-appellant.
G.R. No. L-29063 August 30, 1972
IN THE MATTER OF THE PETITION OF CHIAO SUN TAN @ RENATO TAN TO BE ADMITTED A CITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES. CHIAO SUN TAN alias RENATO TAN, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, oppositor-appellant.
G.R. No. L-31450 August 30, 1972
IN RE PETITION FOR ACQUISITION OF PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP. ANTONIO CHIU, petitioner-appellee,
vs.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, oppositor-appellant. L-20718.
L-20718
De los Reyes, Lagrosa & Gacott and Mitra, Tolentino, Gregorio & Associates for petitioner-appellee.
Office of the Solicitor General for oppositor-appellant.
L-25693
Manuel A. Alvero for petitioner-appellee.
Solicitor General Antonio P. Barredo, Assistant Solicitor General Isidro C. Borromeo and Solicitor Octavio R. Ramirez for oppositor-appellant.
L-26952
Aruego, Mamaril & Associates and Constante A. Ancheta for petitioner-appellee.
Office of the Solicitor General for movant-appellant.
L-27734
De los Reyes & Abueg for petitioner-appellee.
Solicitor General Felix V. Makasiar and Solicitor Bernardo P. Pardo for oppositor-appellant.
L-28496
Cresencio P. Basco for petitioner-appellee.
Office of the Solicitor General Antonio P. Barredo, Assistant Solicitor General Isidro C. Borromeo and Solicitor Sumilang V. Bernardo for oppositor-appellant.
L-28579
Francisco Omaña for petitioner-appellee.
Office of the Solicitor General Felix V. Makasiar, Assistant Solicitor General Conrado T. Limcaoco and Solicitor Jaime M. Lantin for oppositor-appellant.
L-28861
Gaudioso T. Antaran for petitioner-appellee.
Office of the Solicitor General Felix V. Makasiar, Assistant Solicitor General Isidro C. Borromeo and Solicitor Sumilang V. Bernardo for oppositor-appellant.
L-28941
Cristino V. Pinili for petitioner-appellee.
Office of the Solicitor General Felix V. Makasiar, Assistant Solicitor General Antonio A. Torres and Solicitor Raul I. Goco for oppositor-appellant.
L-29063
Flores, Macapagal, Ocampo & Balbastro for petitioner-appellee.
Office of the Solicitor General FDelix V. Makasiar andSolicitor Bernardo P. Pardo for oppositor-appellant.
L-31450
Hilado, Hagad & Hilado for petitioner-appellee.
Office of the Solicitor General Felix Q. Antonio, Acting Assistant Solicitor General Hector C. Fule and Solicitor Santiago M. Kapunan for oppositor-appellant.
CONCEPCION, C. J.:p
This is a joint decision in the above-entitled cases, owing to the main points in common therein, although they were heard and decided, in the first instance, separately and independently of one another. .
L-20718 — Roy Watt v. Republic
Decision having been rendered, on June 28, 1960, granting Roy Watt's application to be naturalized as citizen of the Philippines, he filed, on July 5, 1962, a motion praying that he be allowed to take his oath of allegiance after the hearing and reception of the evidence required therefor. The motion having been granted despite the opposition thereto of the Government, the latter interposed the present appeal. .
L-25693 — Lim Ching Bio, alias Oscar Lim v. Republic
This is another appeal taken by the Government from a decision of the Court of First Instance of Laguna and San Pablo City granting, over the former's objection, the application for naturalization of Lim Ching Bio, alias Oscar Lim.
L-26952 — Ang To v. Republic
Petitioner Ang To filed, on January 7, 1958, a petition for naturalization, which was granted by the Court of First Instance of Rizal on January 27, 1959. Over two (2) years later, or on March 27, 1961, he moved to be allowed to introduce the evidence required in order that he could take his oath of allegiance. After the presentation of said evidence, the aforementioned court issued an order, dated April 4, 1961, allowing Ang To to take said oath, which he did on the same date. Accordingly, he was issued the corresponding certificate of naturalization. On September 21, 1962, the Solicitor General filed a motion to declare said decision null and void and to order the cancellation of said certificate of naturalization, as well as of its registration in the local civil registry, upon the following grounds: that of nullity of the proceedings for lack of jurisdiction of said court to hear and decide the case; that the certificate of naturalization had been secured illegally and fraudulently; and that the petitioner had not filed the requisite declaration of intention. After due hearing, said court rendered a "decision", dated December 9, 1963, denying said motion for lack of merit. Hence, this appeal by the Solicitor General.
L-27734 — Damian Pe v. Republic
On September 3, 1960, Damian Pe filed, with the Court of First Instance of Palawan, a petition for naturalization, which was granted in a decision rendered on June 22, 1961. The Republic moved, on September 21, 1965, to set aside said decision alleging, inter alia, lack of jurisdiction to render the same, no declaration of intention having been filed by the petitioner; failure to allege in the petition his former places of residence; lack of sincerity to become a citizen of the Philippines; lack of a lucrative trade or profession; and incompetence of the attesting witnesses to vouch for the petitioner. Having learned, thru petitioner's opposition to said motion, that he had taken his oath of allegiance and secured a certificate of naturalization on October 14, 1963, the Government filed on February 8, 1966, another motion to set aside the proceedings relative to his oath taking, for lack of previous notice of petitioner's motion therefor and of the hearing in connection therewith, aside from lack of allegation about his former residence in Palawan. Acting upon said two (2) motions, on April 20, 1966, the trial court issued an order setting aside its aforementioned decision and dismissing the petition, as well as ordering the cancellation of petitioner's oath of allegiance and certificate of naturalization; but, on June 9, 1966, said order was reconsidered and set aside, on motion of the petitioner. The case is now before Us, on appeal taken by the Government.
L-28496 — Lim Seng Be v. Republic
The Solicitor General seeks the reversal of a decision of the Court of First Instance of Manila granting the petition of Lim Seng Be for naturalization as citizen of the Philippines, upon several grounds hereafter to be set forth.
L-28579 — Uy Giok Chin v. Republic
Acting upon the petition for naturalization filed by Uy Giok Chiu, on December 20, 1958, the Court of First Instance of Quezon rendered, on March 29, 1961, a decision granting said petition. Later, Uy Giok Chiu moved to be allowed to take his oath of allegiance, which was opposed by the Republic, but, in an order dated February 10, 1966, this opposition was overruled and petitioner was declared entitled to take said oath. The Solicitor General, accordingly, interposed the present appeal.
L-28861 — Ngo Tiok, alias Lorenzo Wu v. Republic
On March 29, 1961, the Court of First Instance of Manila rendered judgment granting the petition of Ngo Tiok, alias Lorenzo Wu, to be naturalized as citizen of the Philippines. Subsequently, Ngo Tiok filed a petition, dated June 26, 1967, which was amended on July 18, 1967, to be allowed to take his oath of allegiance. Despite the opposition thereto, filed, on November 2, 1967, by the Solicitor General — based upon petitioner's lack of a lucrative trade or profession and violation by him of government regulations — said petition was granted in an order dated January 8, 1968, from which the Republic has taken the present appeal.
L-28941 — Sy Bon Pin, alias Luis Sy v. Republic
A decision having been rendered, on November 29, 1962, by the Court of First Instance of Negros Oriental, granting the petition for naturalization of Sy Bon Pin, alias Luis Sy, and a reconsideration of said decision having been denied, the case was set for hearing on August 21, 1965, for the reception of the evidence required prior to the oath taking, after which, on or about September 15, 1965, said court issued an order authorizing Sy Bon Pin to take his oath of allegiance. Thereupon, the case was brought to Us on appeal by the Government.
L-29063 — Chiao Sun Tan, alias Renato Tan v. Republic
The petition for naturalization filed by Chiao Sun Tan, alias Renato Tan, on November 6, 1964, was formally opposed by the Solicitor General despite which, on December 21, 1967, the Court of First Instance of Manila rendered a decision granting said petition. Thereupon, the Solicitor General interposed the present appeal.
L-31450 — Antonio Chiu v. Republic
This is a similar appeal by the Government from a decision of the Court of First Instance of Negros Occidental granting the petition for naturalization of Antonio Chin and denying a reconsideration of said decision.
Several principles, well-settled in this jurisdiction, are relevant to the present cases, namely:
1) It has been consistently held, since as early as 1941, that strict compliance with the requirements of our Naturalization Law1 is essential to the acquisition of Philippine citizenship by an alien.2
Thus, for instance, in connection with the exemption from the requirement of filing a declaration of intention, it has been ruled that, aside from proof of birth, the petitioner should establish that he received his primary and secondary education in public schools or in private schools recognized by the Government, not limited to any race or nationality.3
Consistently with the policy of strict compliance with our Naturalization Law, which permeates the same, We have said:
The records ... bear no evidence showing that the Philippine Chinese High School where Lim Cho Kuan finished his elementary education is not limited to any race or nationality. Such point must be proved by applicant and cannot be presumed from the fact that the school is recognized by the Government. The deficiency is fatal to his claim for exemption.4
Accordingly, this Court has declared that exemption from filing said declaration of intention is an "essential particular" of said law and that "failure ... of the petitioner ... to make a statement in his petition about his having filed, or his being exempt from filing, a declaration of intention constituted a fatal defect in his petition and rendered the same void ... ."5 This view was expressed, with greater emphasis, in the following language:
It has been repeatedly held that in cases where the petitioner for naturalization is exempt from filing a declaration of intention, a statement as to his exemption therefrom and the reasons therefor should appear in the petition in order to apprise the public, especially those officers charged with notice of the application, of the reasons advanced in support of the claim for exemption, so that they may be prepared, if legally proper and necessary to contest or object to any evidence adduced in that regard. The failure, therefore, of the petitioner to make a statement in his original petition about his having filed, or his being exempt from that requirement, constitutes a fatal defect in his petition and rendered the same void for non-compliance with the law.6
2) The same petition has been taken, with respect to the requirement that the petition for naturalization must state the "present and former places of residence" of the petitioner. Failure to do so affects the jurisdiction of the court to entertain the petition and nullifies the proceedings in connection therewith.7
In Saw Cen v. Republic,8 We used the following language:
... The non-inclusion of the other name of petitioner in the publication of the petition has resulted fatal, for it ha deprived any person, knowing him by that name, to come forward and inform the authorities of any matter which might affect his application for naturalization. In other words, the publication was incomplete and insufficient, thereby affecting the jurisdiction of the court to take cognizance of his petition. ... .
In an earlier case,9 We even went farther and affirmed:
Petitioner argues ... that his residence in Manila was only temporary so that his legal residence or domicile remained to be Legaspi City. Section 7 of the Revised Naturalization Law speaks of "present and former places of residence" without specifying actual or legal residence. Its purpose as stated is to give the public and the investigating agencies of the government an opportunity to gather information and to express objection relative to the petition. Precisely, for this reason it is important that petitioner's actual, physical residence be likewise set forth and published, since information regarding petitioner and objection to his application are apt to be provided by people in his actual, physical surrounding.
Section 7 ... requires disclosure of "present and former places of residence" as a precaution against suppression of information regarding any possible misbehaviour on the part of the applicant in any community where he may have lived at one time or another. To ignore this purpose would be to disregard obvious legislative intent as well as to forego the high degree of prudence and care required of Us in naturalization proceedings (Uy vs. Republic, L-19578, October 27, 1964).
Appellee mentions Republic vs. Tan, L-12409, April 1, 1959, wherein this Court held that residence means legal residence. However, it was to Section 8 of the law, on where to file the petition, that said decision referred. Considering the different purpose intended for Section 7, the residence mentioned therein does not exclude actual residence even though temporary. Neither can applicant contend that the omission in his petition was cured the trial. In Lo v. Republic, supra (L-15919, 19 May 1961), We held that non-compliance with Section 7 cannot be cured by the evidence.
Indeed, We have, likewise, postulated: 10
... The reason for such a requirement is, as pointed out by the Solicitor General, to "facilitate checking up on the different activities of the petitioner bearing on his petition for naturalization (especially as to his qualifications and moral character either by private individuals or government agencies, by indicating to them the localities or places in which to make appropriate inquiries or investigations thereon." Needless to say, by such omission, appellant, in effect, falsified the truth, indicating lack of good moral character on his part, which disqualified him from admission to the Philippine citizenship (Sec. 2, Rev. Nat. Law) ...
Consequently, We have declared that failure of the petitioner to allege in his petition for naturalization all his former places of residence "in violation of the mandatory provision of Section 7 of the Revised Naturalization Law, is a fatal defect that not only warrants dismissal of the petition, but, also, affects the jurisdiction of the court to hear and decide the case." 11
3) Similarly, the failure to state in the petition the other names by which petitioner is known, affects said jurisdiction and invalidates the proceedings for naturalization. 12
4) So does the failure to publish the petition for naturalization. Notice of the filing of the petition is not enough to validate the naturalization proceedings.
In Po v. Republic, 13 We held:
Moreover, section 9 of Com. Act No. 473 requires that the "petition" for naturalization be published "in the Official Gazette, and in one of the newspaper of general circulation in the province where the petitioner resides ... ." In the case at bar, which was published was not appellee's "petition" for naturalization, a "notice" summarizing the allegations of said pleading. The publication of such notice is insufficient to vest, in the court, jurisdiction to hear and decide this case. Besides, said notice was published in the "Nueva Era," and the records do not show that this newspaper is of general circulation in Surigao del Norte, the province in which the appellee resides.
Indeed, We had previously ruled:
Nonetheless, the following circumstances bar applicant admission to Philippine citizenship:
(1) His petition was not copied entirely or verbatim in the notice posted in the bulletin board and published in the Official Gazette and the Vanguard (see Exhs. A, C, and E). Sec. 9 of Com. Act No. 473 requires that copies of the petition shall be published and posted. This requirement is jurisdictional. The notice as thus posted and published contained only a summary of some of the contents of the petition. Such an omission militates against the approval of his petition; because we cannot depart, as Justice Fernando opined speaking for this Tribunal, from "the basic concept that the grant of citizenship being a highly regarded privilege, there must be a full and strict compliance with the requirements of the law before its benefits can be enjoyed." 14
This was but a reiteration of Our view in Ngo v. Republic, 15 from which We quote:
The first assignment of error is predicated upon the undisputed fact that, in violation of Section 9 of Commonwealth Act No. 473, which provides that —
Immediately upon the filing of a petition, it shall be the duty of the clerk of the court to publish the same at petitioner's expense, once a week for three consecutive weeks, in the Official Gazette, and in one of the newspapers of general circulation in the province where the petitioner resides ... .
the petition herein has not been so published. Although a notice of the filing of said petition, making reference to some data therein contained, and stating the date and place of the hearing thereof was published, this is not sufficient compliance with said legal provision. As a consequence, the lower court acquired no jurisdiction to hear this case and the decision appealed from is null and void. ... .
5) Again, notice to the Solicitor General of said proceedings, of the orders and decision therein, as well as of the proceedings leading to the oath taking, is, likewise, essential to the validity of such proceedings. 16
6) Upon the other hand, the use of other names or aliases, without prior judicial approval therefor, is unlawful, and, hence, reflects the absence of a good moral character. In the language of this Court, it is "anything but proper and irreproachable." 17
7) It is not enough for all applicant for naturalization not to be a financial burden upon the community. He must, also, have a "lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation." And this qualification has been construed to mean, not only that he is not a beggar, a pauper or indigent, but, also, that his financial condition must be such as to permit him and the members of his family to live with reasonable comfort, in accordance with the prevailing standard of living, and consistently with the demands of human dignity, at this stage of our civilization. Accordingly, it has been repeatedly held that this qualification is lacking in the case of married men who have an annual income of: P9,600, with 11 children, 4 of them in college, one in high school and 3 in grade school; or P5,000, P7,799.34, P8,067.24 or even P8,687.50, with 5 children; or P7,133.29, with 4 children; or P5,980, with 3 children. 18 The same conclusion has been reached as regards unmarried applicants with an annual income ranging from P2,400 to P3,600. 19 What is more, our jurisprudence has regarded with caution or skepticism and attaches very little weight to evidence concerning the income of applicants allegedly working in business enterprises operated by their relatives, if not their own parents.
8) The attesting witnesses must be, not only citizens of the Philippines, but, also, "credible persons." This means that they must be well known in the community and enjoy therein such a high reputation for probity that their word may be taken on its face value. 20 In this connection, employees or persons in the service of the petitioner, or of the business enterprise owned or operated by him or his family, are not competent to be attesting witnesses in the proceedings for his naturalization. What is more, as we had occasion to point out in Que Tiac v. Republic: 21
... the character witnesses must have known the applicant for the period prescribed by law and had the opportunity to observe him personally during such period, as well as the ability to attest to the possession by him of the requisite qualifications — one of which is that he has "conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence in the Philippines" — and to state whether or not he believes in the principles underlying our Constitution. 22
Referring now to the cases at bar, We find the following:
Petitioner, in L-20718, alleged in his petition that he had an annual income of P1,800, which is obviously inadequate to be a "lucrative", one. Although he introduced evidence to the effect that subsequently to the filing of his application his annual income shot up to P8,000 a year — presumably because of property allegedly inherited by his wife, the earnings of which belong to the conjugal partnership — this circumstance cannot be availed of by petitioner Roy Watt, whose qualifications must be determined as of the time of the filing of his petition. Besides, there is substantial evidence to the effect that petitioner does not have a good moral character and has far from conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner. No less than the mayor of the municipality of Balabac, in which petitioner resides, testified that he had, on several occasions, brought home blank forms of certificates of ownership of large cattle and filled them up, without authority therefor, and, hence, falsified the aforementioned documents. Again, sometime in 1954, petitioner had offered the sum of P500 to said local official for the repeal of a given municipal ordinance.
Similarly, in L-25693, the average annual income of P2,439.39, alleged in the application for naturalization of Lim Ching Bio, alias Oscar Lim, as a salesman of the Lim Yu Auto Supply Hardware, at San Pablo City, shows that he does not have a "lucrative occupation." He would have the court believe that, sometime after the filing of his petition, he was promoted to assistant manager of said enterprise, with a monthly salary of P480, apart from travelling expenses when transacting business outside San Pablo City where he resides. His testimony to this effect cannot cure the absence of said qualification, not only because the same must be possessed at the time of the filing of the application, but, also, because the Lim Yu Auto Supply Hardware belongs to his mother. The dubious value or weight of his testimony to this effect becomes more apparent when we consider that he has no idea of the volume of the business of said store, despite his claim that he is at present assistant manager.
Then, too, Mariano C. Calingasan, one of petitioner's character witnesses, was the accountant of said store, whereas Democrito Bonilla, the other attesting witness, was, likewise, under the employment of petitioner's family, as private tutor of his sister Lily.
In L-26952, Ang To alleged, in his petition, filed with the Court of First Instance of Rizal, on January 7, 1958 that his present and past place of residence is and has been No. 1051 Rizal Avenue Extension. Yet, in a petition for naturalization filed by him with the Court of First Instance of Nueva Ecija, on January 12, 1957, he averred that his residence was San Jose, Nueva Ecija, where he has his business and main source of income, namely, the San Jose Lumber & Hardware. In fact, his residence certificate for the year 1958 was secured in San Jose, Nueva Ecija. This failure to state his former place of residence nullified the proceedings in the case at bar. Moreover, in his petition there in, he averred that he had "not heretofore made petition for citizenship to any court," which is false and merely attest to the infirmity of his moral character.
In L-27734, Damian Pe alleged, in his petition, filed on September 3, 1960, that he had an average annual income of P1,970. At the hearing of said petition, on July 30, 1963, he testified that his salary as employee of an uncle of his had been increased to P2,500 a year. It is thus obvious that he did not, and does not have a "lucrative" trade or profession. Furthermore, notice of his motion for the introduction of evidence, prior to the taking of his oath of allegiance, and notice of hearing therefor were not served on the Solicitor General, who, accordingly, was unaware of said motion and hearing, as well as of the oath of allegiance taken by the petitioner and of the certificate of naturalization issued to him.
In his petition, filed on September 13, 1965, Lim Seng Be alleged, in L-28496, that he then resided at No. 2265 Legarda St., Sampaloc, Manila, and that his former residence was No. 621 Caballeros Street, Manila. It appears, however, that petitioner had also resided at 414 Elcano St., and then at No. 400 Sto. Cristo St., both at Manila, apart from having resided for 10 years at Cavite City, as attested to by his own records in the Bureau of Immigration. The lower court had, therefore, no jurisdiction to favorably entertain said petition.
Furthermore, the record shows that petitioner's attesting witness, Felipe G. Gamboa, had come to know him in 1932, when they became neighbors in Magalang, Pampanga, until 1939 when Gamboa transferred to Manila, at the age of 15, and petitioner was barely 10 years of age. Upon the other hand, Francisco B. Mancao, the other attesting witness came to know the petitioner in 1952 at a party held by Mancao. Thereafter, he claimed to have seen the petitioner herein twice a week for about three years, as the former allegedly taught English and Tagalog to the latter. Apart from not knowing him sufficiently, for the period of time required by law, these attesting witnesses have not been shown to enjoy the reputation for honesty and integrity necessary to be the "credible persons" required therefor by our naturalization laws.
The petition in L-28579 was not published, in violation of section 9 of Commonwealth Act No. 473. The publication of a notice of the filing of said petition was insufficient to vest in the court of origin the authority necessary to decide the petition on its merits. 23 Besides, petitioner's average annual income of P3,000, as alleged in the petition, establishes the fact that he does not have a "lucrative" trade or proffession, considering that he has a wife and three children. Again, he admitted, on the witness stand, that he had not revealed in his income tax return the full amount of his earnings, thus establishing that his moral fiber lacks the quality demanded by our naturalization laws.
Ngo Tick, alias Lorenzo Wu, the petitioner in L-28861, alleged in his petition that he is an employee with an average annual income of not less than P4,600 a year, and later testified that he had a monthly salary of P800, or P9,600 annually. Being married then, with five children, all of them in a private high school, said income does not suffice to meet the requirement of a "lucrative" trade or profession.
Moreover, he was administratively fined several times 24 for late registration of his children, in violation of government regulations. Although singly considered, each of these violations might be regarded as having a minor importance, it is not necessarily so when they take place, not merely once or twice, but even four (4) times, and all of them after the rendition of the decision granting his petition for naturalization, while he was, therefore, under a sort of probation, prior to the proceedings for the taking of his oath of allegiance. It reflects both little or no concern for government regulations, and a poor moral fiber.
Then, too, apart from the fact that petitioner had used an alias, Lorenzo Wu, without judicial authority therefor, his attesting witnesses have not been shown either to have a general reputation for probity, essential to be "credible persons," or to have known him sufficiently to vouch for his qualifications for naturalization as citizen of the Philippines. Jovencio Abadilla claimed to have met the petitioner in 1949. Thereafter, Abadilla visited the petitioner, but the former could not even remember what the latter's occupation was at that time. The other attesting witness was Dr. Luciano Dizon, a medical practitioner whose only contact with the petitioner was during the professional visits made by the former, about 10 times a year, and the social meeting they had, not less than 5 times a year. In short, neither witness was sufficiently qualified to express his opinion on the possession by the petitioner of the requisite qualifications and none of the statutory disqualifications.
The petition in L-28941 states that petitioner Sy Bon Pin has an average annual salary of P3,000, which manifestly is not a "lucrative" income, he being married with three children, and a fourth having been born before the case was heard in the lower court. Although he then testified that his income had increased to P5,000 a year — because he also, had free board and lodging, equivalent to P1,200 a year, and had earned P800 from the sale of copra, derived from coconuts harvested from lands inherited by him (presumably after the filing of the petition) from his deceased father — his income tax return for the year 1961 shows a gross income of P3,960 and a net income of P3,564. In any event, said sum of P5,000 is still insufficient to qualify as a "lucrative" one, considering the size of his family. Besides, the Ng Sa Store — which pays his salary and provides him with free board and lodging — belongs evidently to his mother Ng Sa.
At the hearing in the lower court, Sy Bon Pin introduced evidence to the effect that he owns three (3) parcels of land valued over P5,000, despite the positive allegation in his petition reading: "I do not own any real estate in the Philippines." The three (3) declarations of real property (Exhibits M, M-1 and M-2), submitted by him in support of his testimony, were filed by him with the Office of the City Assessor of Dumaguete on March 14, 1962, or about 7 months after the institution of the present case. It appears that these declarations were in lieu of former declarations which must have been in the name of his mother, for the income from said real property were included in her income tax return, according to his own testimony.
Furthermore, the lower court had no jurisdiction to grant appellee's petition for naturalization, the same not having been published, in violation of section 9 of Commonwealth Act No. 473. As above pointed out, the publication of notice of the filing of said petition, not of the petition itself, is insufficient compliance with said provision.
Similarly, in violation of the same section, requiring that the "petition" for naturalization be published as provided therein, only a notice of the filing of the petition in L-29063 has been published, so that the lower court did not acquire the jurisdiction necessary to grant said petition.
Besides, Chiao Sun Tan, the petitioner in L-29063, admittedly did not register his wife and two minor children within the time prescribed by law, and did so only after the filing of his petition for naturalization, for which reason he was thrice fined administratively.
Again, there is no evidence that his attesting witnesses, namely, Dr. Francisco Tan and Dr. Benecio Torralba, had the reputation for probity or good standing in the community necessary to be characterized as "credible persons," as required by law for such witnesses and their testimony consisted mainly of general statements in answer to leading questions propounded by counsel for the petitioner, without particulars as to specific facts to indicate that they are reasonably posted on the possession by the petitioner of the requisite qualifications and none of the disqualifications prescribed by law.
In his application in L-31450, filed on September 29, 1967, petitioner Antonio Chiu, born on February 12, 1944, alleged that, as administrator of a farm leased to his brother, he (Antonio Chiu) earned P600 a month, but it is settled that an income allegedly derived from employment in a business or enterprise owned wholly or partially by a member of the family, is of dubious value. 26 The dubious nature of this testimony becomes even more apparent when we consider that petitioner claimed to have been such administrator from 1963 to 1968, or since he was 19 years of age, and, hence, too young for the responsibility entailed and the maturity of judgment and discretion demanded of the administrator of an hacienda in Negros Occidental, and that, from October 1, 1968, to March 31, 1969, he obtained employment as a salesman of Bacolod Allied Commercial with a monthly salary of P300, with a P1,000 bonus he claimed to have gotten at the end of the year.
Upon the other hand, petitioner's attesting witnesses, Atty. Carlos P. Benares and Dr. Angel Lorenzo, do not appear to have had sufficient opportunity to be posted on his qualifications and the absence of any of the statutory disqualifications. As stated in the brief for the Government:
Atty. Carlos P. Benares testified that he came to know petitioner in 1947 because the latter's father was his client but he knew him intimately in 1955 after the construction of the Capitol Shopping Center where petitioner's father owns 3 store doors. When asked how often he met petitioner since 1947, witness answered "I cannot exactly say every month because as a lawyer I used to go to his father in their stores when I saw this child as a boy" (p. 120, t.s.n.). Again, questioned on where petitioner studied during his student days witness gave these answers: "I was made to understand that he was then studying at Tay Tung High School"; "his high school he took it up in Tay Tung High School. I know that because when he approached me to testify in his favor and in order to be sure that I am testifying the right thing I asked him" (pp. 131-132, t.s.n.). Subsequently, upon questioning by the Court, witness revealed that Atty. Jurilla, former lawyer of petitioner's parents, told him, when he took over the case, that the parents of petitioner lived in Talisay, Negros Occidental (pp. 135-136, t.s.n.). It is clear therefore that Atty. Benares' knowledge of petitioner came from the latter at the time he requested to be a character witness and from Atty. Jurilla. Likewise, Dr. Angel Lorenzo's statement that "I did not think it wise" to inquire from petitioner his reason for desiring to become Filipino citizen although he was petitioner's godfather in baptism (pp. 90- 91, t.s.n.), shows indifference and lack of intimacy with applicant. 27
We see therefore that Atty. Carlos Benares and Dr. Angel Lorenzo are not the conversant witnesses who could vouch for the irreproachable conduct of petitioner. If said character witness had any knowledge of petitioner it was acquired from the occasions when Atty. Carlos Benares went to the Capitol Shopping Center to contact petitioner's father who was his client and when petitioner accompanied to Dr. Angel Lorenzo's clinic his parents who were his (doctor's) regular patients (p. 86, t.s.n.). Where one of the witnesses was the lawyer of petitioner's father this circumstance lends doubt as to the veracity of his testimony, and leads one to conclude that his declarations are biased and untrustworthy (Albert Ong Ling Chuan vs. Republic, L-18550, February 28, 1964). The meetings between petitioner and his two character witnesses were but occasional and official which afforded the latter no ample opportunity to observe the former's conduct. Such occasional dealings do not provide a reliable basis for gauging a person's moral character. Character witnesses must have an intimate knowledge of the applicant (Cuaki Tan Si vs. Republic, L-18006, October 31, 1962), (pp. rec. on appeal).
WHEREFORE, it is Our considered opinion that judgment should be, as it is hereby, rendered as follows:
1) In L-20718, the decision of the lower court, dated June 28, 1960 is reversed and the petition therein dismissed. The order of said court allowing petitioner Roy Watt to take his oath of allegiance is set aside, and said oath, as well as petitioner's certificate of naturalization and the registration thereof in the local civil registry, are hereby ordered cancelled, with costs against said petitioner-appellee;
2) In L-25693, the decision appealed from is reversed and the petition therein dismissed, with costs against petitioner-appellee, Lim Ching Bio, alias Oscar Lim;
3) In L-26952, the decision therein rendered by the lower court, on January 27, 1959, is hereby annulled. Its order of April 4, 1961, allowing petitioner Ang To to take his oath of allegiance, as well as the "decision" dated December 9, 1963, denying the motion of the Solicitor General, dated August 14, 1962 are set aside, and Ang To's petition for naturalization is dismissed. Moreover, his aforesaid oath is annulled and petitioner's certificate of naturalization and its registration in the local civil registry are ordered cancelled, with costs against said petitioner;
4) In L-27734, the decision therein rendered by the lower court, on June 22, 1961, is hereby annulled, its order of June 9, 1966, set aside, and the petition for naturalization of Damian Pe dismissed. The oath of allegiance taken by said petitioner on October 14, 1963, is, likewise, annulled, and the certificate of naturalization issued to him on the same date, as well as the registration of said certificate in the local civil registry, are ordered cancelled, with costs against said petitioner;
5) In L-28496, the decision of the trial court, dated May 15, 1967, is hereby reversed, and the petition for naturalization of Lim Seng Be dismissed, with costs against said petitioner;
6) In L-28579, the decision therein rendered by the trial court, on March 29, 1961, and its order of February 10, 1966, allowing petitioner to take his oath of allegiance, are hereby set aside, and the petition for naturalization of Uy Giok Chill is dismissed, with costs against said petitioner;
7) In L-28861, the decision of the lower court dated March 29, 1961, and its order, dated January 8, 1968, allowing petitioner to take his oath of allegiance, are hereby set aside, and the petition for naturalization of Ngo Tick, alias Lorenzo Wu is dismissed, with costs against said petitioner;
8) In L-28941, the lower court's decision therein, dated November 29, 1962, is hereby reversed and its orders of February 6, 1963, and September 4 and 15, 1965, denying the Government's motions for reconsideration and then allowing petitioner to take the corresponding oath of allegiance, are set aside, and the petition for naturalization of Sy Bon Pin, alias Luis Sy, is dismissed, with costs against said petitioner;
9) In L-29063, the appealed decision of the lower court, dated December 21, 1967, is hereby reversed, and the petition for naturalization of Chiao Sun Tan, alias Renato Tan, accordingly, dismissed, with costs against said petitioner; and
10) In L-31450, the appealed decision of the trial court, dated June 2, 1969, is hereby reversed, and the petition for naturalization of Antonio Chiu, dismissed, with costs against petitioner.
It is so ordered.
Makalintal, Zaldivar, Fernando and Esguerra, JJ., concur.
Reyes, J.B.L. and Antonio, JJ., took no part.
Castro and Teehankee, JJ., concur in the result.
Barredo, J., concurs in L-27734, L-28579, L-28861, L-28941, L-29063 and L-31450, and did not take part in L-20718, L-25693, L-26952 and L-28496.
Makasiar, J., concurs in L-20718, L-25693, L-26952, L-28496 and L-31450, and did not take part in L-27734, L-28579, L-28861, L-28941 and L-29063.
Footnotes
1 Commonwealth Act No. 473, as amended by Republic Act No. 530.
2 Orestoff v. Government, 71 Phil. 240; Lim v. Republic, L-27126, May 29, 1970; Chua Bon Chiong v. Republic; L-29200, May 31, 1971; Que Tiac v. Republic, L-20174, Jan. 31, 1972.
3 Section 6, Com. Act No. 473, as amended.
4 Lim Cho Kuan v. Republic, L-21198, Jan. 22, 1966; Tan Kian Sy v. Republic, L-31376, July 25, 1972.
5 Ong Khan v. Republic, 109 Phil. 855. Emphasis ours.
6 "Tan v. Republic, L-19897, June 24, 1965; Tan Kian Sy v. Republic, supra. Emphasis ours.
7 Calvin Lo x. Republic, L-15919, May 19, 1961; Keng Giok v. Republic, L-13347, Aug. 31, 1961; Koa Gui v. Republic, L-13717, July 31, 1962; Ngo v. Republic, L-18319, May 31, 1963; Go Bon The v. Republic, L-16813, Dec. 27, 1963; Serwani v. Republic, L-18219, Dec. 27, 1963; Chieng Yen v. Rep., L-18885, Jan. 31, 1964; Manuel de Lara v. Rep., L-18203, May 29, 1964; Pio de Lara v. Rep., L-18204, May 29, 1964; Gaw Ching v. Rep., L-19419, Sept. 30, 1964; Ong Tai v. Rep., L-19418, Dec. 23, 1964; Ong Ping Seng v. Rep., L-19575, Feb. 26, 1965; Tan v. Rep., L-19694, Mar. 30, 1965; Cheng v. Rep., L-20013, Mar. 30, 1965; Lee Ng Len v. Rep., L-20151, Mar. 31, 1965; Go v. Rep., L-20558, Mar. 31, 1965; Ng v. Rep., L-19646, May 31, 1965; Yu Ti v. Rep., L-19913, June 23, 1965; Lim Uy v. Rep., L-19916, June 23, 1965; Tan Nga Kok v. Rep., L-16767, June 30, 1965; Uy v. Rep., L-20208, June 30, 1965; Yao Long v. Rep., L-20910, Nov. 27, 1965; Rep. v. Hon. A. Reyes, L-20602, Dec. 24, 1965; Pe v. Rep, L-20375, Jan. 31, 1966; Yu An Kiong v. Rep., L-21333, Jan. 31, 1966; Chan Kiat Huat v. Rep., L-19579, Feb. 28, 1966; Dy v. Rep., L-20152, Feb. 28, 1966; Kao Heng v. Rep., L-21079, Feb. 28, 1966; Tan v. Rep., L-21671, Feb. 28, 1966; Wayne Chang V. Rep., L-20713, April 29, 1966; Go v. Rep., L-21895, April 29, 1966; Lim Tan v. Rep., L-22192, April 30, 1966; Tan v. Rep., L-22207, May 30, 1966; Chi v. Rep., L-18207, June 20, 1966; Yu v. Rep., L-19110, July 30, 1966; Rep. v. Co Keng, L-19829, July 30, 1966; Yap v. Rep., L-19832, Aug. 23, 1966; Yong Sai v. Rep., L-20483, Sept. 30, 1966; Dy Bu Si v. Rep., L-22076, Oct. 29, 1966; Uy Tian Hua Jr. v. Rep., L-20813, Nov. 29, 1966; Tan Tiu v. Rep., L-21018, Nov. 29, 1966; Tan v. Rep., L-22077, Feb. 18, 1967; Tan v. Rep., L-19899, Mar. 18, 1967; Tan Chua v. Rep., L-22310, April 24, 1967; Lim v. Rep., L-22387, April 24, 1967; Law Tai v. Rep., L-20623, April 27, 1967; Syson v. Rep., L-21199, May 29, 1967; Ong Chia Suy v. Rep., L-21739, May 30, 1967; Chung Eng Go v. Rep., L-21054, July 18, 1967; O Ku Phuan v. Rep., L-23406, Aug. 31, 1967; Ho Ngo v. Rep., L-24335, Nov. 18, 1967; Li Siu Liat v. Rep., L-25356, Nov. 25, 1967; Tan Khe Shing v. Rep., L-22390, Feb. 29, 1968; Chua Bok v. Rep., L-24286, April 25, 1968; Rep. v. Co Keng, L-19829, May 4, 1968; Yap Puey Eng v. Rep., L-24805, May 23, 1968; Cu King Nan v. Rep., L-20490, June 29, 1968; Chua Chu v. Rep., L-24951, July 20, 1968; Ng v. Rep., L-26242, Oct. 25, 1968; Choa Hai v. Rep., L-23515, Feb. 27, 1969; Sy Suan v. Rep., L-23470, Feb. 28, 1969; Go Ay Koc v. Rep., L-23652, April 25, 1969; Chua Lian Yan Rep., L-26416, April 25, 1969; Zabaleta v. Rep., L-25401 June 30, 1969; Tan Tiu v. Rep. L-21558, Jan. 30, 1970; Ong Siao Liong v. Rep., L-23544, July 31, 1970; Gan Gwan v. Rep., L-26196, July 31, 1970; Choa Tion Chong v. Rep., L-25608, Aug. 31, 1970; Dy v. Rep., L-21958, Sept. 28, 1970. .
8 L-20310, April 30, 1965. Emphasis ours.
9 Qua v. Republic, L-19834, October 27, 1964. Emphasis ours.
10 Keng Giok v. Republic, L-13347, Aug. 31, 1961; Ko Bon The v. Republic, L-16813, Dec. 27, 1963.
11 Go v. Republic, L-20558, Mar. 31, 1965. Emphasis ours.
12 Koa Gui v. Rep., L-13717, July 31, 1962; Te Eng Ling Rep., L-17918, Nov. 28, 1962; Kwan Kwock How v. Rep., L-18521, Jan. 30, 1964; Ong Khan v. Rep., L-19709, Sept. 30, 1964 Saw Cen v. Rep., L-20310, Apr. 30, 1965; Lim Uy v. Rep., L-20305, Mar. 31, 1965; Go v. Rep., L-20558, Mar. 31, 1965 Saw Cen v. Rep., L-20310, Apr. 30, 1965; Lim Uy v. Rep., L-19916, June 23, 1965; Rep. v. Hon. Andres Reyes, L-20602, Dee 24, 1965; Yu Nam v. Rep., L-20016, Apr. 29, 1966; Dy v. Rep. L-20709, April 29, 1966; Yong Sai v. Rep., L-20483, Sept. 80 1966; Chuah Tak Seng v. Rep., L-21599, Oct. 29, 1966; Te Poot v. Rep., L-20017, Mar. 28, 1969; Rep. v. Borromeo, L-26870, Ma 29, 1970; Yap v. Rep., L-26820, July 31, 1970; Choa Tion Chon v. Rep., L-25608, Aug. 31, 1970; Dy v. Rep., L-21958, Sept. 28 1970.
13 L-27443, July 19, 1971. Emphasis ours.
14 Dy v. Republic, L-1958, Sept. 28, 1970. Emphasis ours.
15 L-25805, Feb. 27, 1969. Emphasis ours.
16 Lim v. Rep., L-27126, May 29, 1970; Yao Mun Tek v. Rep. L-23383, Jan. 28, 1971; Que Tiac v. Rep., L-20174 & Tan Ngo v. Rep., L-30934, both Jan. 31, 1972.
17 Lim Bun v. Rep., L-12822, Apr. 26, 1961; Ng Liam Keng v. Rep., L-14146, Apr. 29, 1961; Koa Gui v. Rep., L-13717, July 31, 1962; Wang I Fu v. Rep., L-15819, Sept. 29, 1962, Te EngLing v. Rep., L-17918, Nov. 28, 1962; Ong Khan v. Rep., L-19709, Sept. 30, 1964: Uy Eng Hick v. Rep., L-17118, Nov. 17, 1964; Cheng v. Rep., L-20013, March 31, 1965; Lee v. Rep., L-20148, April 30, 1965; Go A. Leng v. Rep., L-19836, June 21, 1966; Chill Bok v. Rep., L-19111, June 22, 1965; Uy Tian V. Rep., L-19918, July 30, 1965; Tan v. Rep., L-20287, July 30, 1965,; Dy v. Rep., L-20152, Feb. 28, 1966; Wayne Chang v. Rep., L-20713, April 29, 1966; Lee Tit v. Rep., L-21446, April 29, 1966; Ko Bok v. Rep., L-21452, April 29, 1966; Kock Tee Yap v. Rep., L-2992, May 14, 1966; Sogiou v. Rep., L-20318, May 19, 1966; Ong Hock Lian v. Rep., L-21197, May 19, 1966; Chan v. Rep., L-22352, June 30, 1966; Lim v. Rep., L-20811, July 26, 1966; Go Tian An v. Rep., L-19833, Aug. 31, 1966; Dy Bu Si v. Rep., L-22076, Oct. 29, 1966; Tse Viw v. Rep., L-18281, Nov. 22, 1966; Carmen Dy v. Rep., L-20814, Nov. 29, 1966; Chua Tek v. Rep., L-22372, March 31, 1967; Tan Chua v. Rep., L-22310, April 24, 1967; Wong Chui v. Rep., L-3855, April 24, 1967; O Ku Phuan v. Rep., L-23406, Aug. 31, 1967; Tan Sen v. Rep., L-23181, Oct. 24, 1967; Ho Ngo v. Rep., L-24335, Nov. 18, 1967; Tan Khe Shing v. Rep., L-22390, Feb. 29, 1968; Te Poot v. Rep., L-20017, March 28, 1969; Yu Lim v. Rep., L-23591, March 28, 1969; Say Chong Hai v. Rep., L-25438, April 25, 1969; Uy v. Rep., L-20194, July 17, 1969; Lim v. Rep., L-19835, May 29, 1970; Rep. v. Borromeo, L-26870, May 29, 1970; Yap v. Rep., L-26820, July 31, 1970; Choa Tion Chong v. Rep., L-25608, Aug. 31, 1970; Dy v. Rep. L-20958, Sept. 28, 1970; Chua Bon Chiong v. Rep., L-29200, May 31, 1971.
18 Keng Giok v. Republic, L-13347, Aug. 31, 1961; Koa Gui v. Republic, L-13717, July 31, 1962; Go Bon The v. Republic, L-16813, Dec. 27, 1963; Tio Tek Chai v. Republic, L-19112, Oct. 30, 1964; Yap Bun Pin v. Republic, L-19577, Oct. 30, 1964; Uy Ching Ho v. Republic, L-19582, March 26, 1965; Sy Suan v. Republic, L-23470, Feb. 28, 1969; Que Tiac v. Republic, L-20174, Go Lee Kian v. Republic, L-24969, and Tan Ngo v. Republic, L-30934, all Jan. 31, 1972.
19 Uy v. Republic, L-20208, June 30, 1965; Pe v. Republic, L-20375, Jan. 31, 1966; Co v. Republic, L-21078, April 29, 1966; Ang Hoc v. Republic, L-24042, Jan. 31, 1972.
20 Ong v. Republic, 103 Phil. 964, 971; Go v. Republic, L-18068, Oct. 30, 1962; Saw Cen v. Republic, L-20310, April 30, 1965; O Ku Phuan v. Republic, L-23406, Aug. 31, 1967; Hao Guan Seng v. Republic, L-23936, Sept. 13, 1967.
21 Supra.
22 See, also, Lim Ching Tian v. Rep., L-12001, Feb. 28, 1961; Ng Liam Keng v. Rep., L-14146, April 29, 1961; Lo v. Rep., L-15919, May 19, 1961; Sy Cezar v. Rep., L-14009, May 31, 1961; Que Choc Gui v. Rep., L-16184, Sept. 30, 1961; Chua Pun v. Rep., L-16825, Dec. 22, 1961; Ng v. Rep., L-16302, Feb. 28, 1962; Uy v. Rep., L-7622, May 29, 1962; Si Ne v. Rep., L-16828, May 30, 1962; Yan Kang v. Rep., L-17013, May 30, 1962; Dy Lam Go v. Rep. L-15858, July 31, 1962; Wang I Fu v. Rep., L-15819, Sept. 29, 1962; Sy Pinero v. Rep., L-17399, Oct. 30, 1962; Go v. Rep., L-18068, Oct. 30, 1962; Cuaki Tan Si v. Rep., L-18006, Oct. 31, 1962; Uy Chin Rua v. Rep., L-17316, Nov. 29, 1962; Yu Kiu Tian v. Rep., L-15554, Nov. 30, 1962; Te Tay Seng v. Rep., L-15956, March 30, 1963; Ngo v. Rep., L-18319, May 31, 1963; Serwani v. Rep., L-18219, Dec. 27, 1963; Uy Tian It v. Rep., L-18248, Dec. 27,1963; Kwan Kwock How v. Rep., L-18521, Jan. 30, 1964; Ong Ling Chuan v. Rep. L-18550, Feb. 28, 1964; De Lara v. Rep., L-19203, May 29, 1964; De Lara v. Rep., L-18204, May 29, 1964; Koh Chet v. Rep., L-172210, June 30, 1964; Gaw Ching v. Rep., L-19319, Sept. 30, 1964; Ong Bon Kok v. Rep., L-19583, Sept. 30, 1964; Uy v, Rep., L-19830, Sept. 30, 1964; Uy v. Rep., L-19578, Oct. 27, 1964; Tse v. Rep., L-19642, Nov. 9, 1964; Yap v. Rep., L-19846, Feb. 26, 1965; Uy Ching Ho v. Rep., L-19582, March 26, 1965; Tan v. Rep., L-19694, March 30, 1965; Saw Cen v. Rep., L-0310, April 30, 1965; Yu Tiu v. Rep., L-19844, June 30, 1965; Uy Tian v. Rep., L-19918, July 30, 1965; Lu v. Rep., L-20915, Nov. 27, 1965; Lim v. Rep., L-20711, Dec. 21, 1965; Rep. v. Reyes, L-0602, Dec. 24, 1965; Po v. Rep., L-121019, Dec. 24, 1965; Ng v. Rep., L-21179, Jan. 22, 1966; Yu An Kiong v. Rep., L-2l333, Jan. 31, 1966; Lee Tit v. Rep., L-21446, April 29, 1966; Uy Chin Hong v. Rep., L-21219, May 20, 11966; Ang Dit Kue v. Rep., L-15795, June 20, 1966; Lim v. Rep., L-22437, June 21, 1966; Tan Te Buntiong v. Rep., L-20020, Aug. 23, 1966; Lim Eng Yu v. Rep., L-20809, Aug. 31, 1966; King v. Rep., L-19082, Sept. 29, 1966; Tse Viw v. Rep., L-18281, Nov. 22, 1966; Tan v. Rep., L-22077, Feb. 18, 1967; Chua Beng v. Rep., L-21755; May 13, 1967; Po Chu King v. Rep., L-20810, May 16, 1967; O Ku Phuan v. Rep., L-23406, Aug. 31, 1967; Hao Guan Seng v. Rep., L-23936, Sept. 13, 1967; To v. Rep., L-20156, Dec. 20, 1967; Jao v. Rep., L-23116, Jan. 24, 1968; Jao Ying Yog v. Rep., L-24950, Feb. 10, 1968; Chan De v. Rep. L-25551, May 29, 1968; Cu King Nan v. Rep., L-20490, June 29, 1968; Chua Chu v. Rep., L-24951, July 20, 1968; Choa Hai v. Rep., L-3515, Feb. 27, 1969; Sy Suan v. Rep., L-23470, Feb. 28, 1969; Te Poot v. Rep., L-20017, March 28, 1969; Say Chong Hai v. Rep., L-25438, April 25, 1969; Ong Siao v. Rep. L-23544, July 31, 1970.
23 Ngo v. Republic, L-25805, Feb. 27, 1969.
24 On June 20, 1962, April 24, 1963, Dec. 2, 1964, and Jan. 21, 1966. .
25 Ong v. Republic, 103 Phil, 964.
26 Chua Siong Hua v. Republic, L-21400, May 31, 1966.
27 Emphasis supplied.
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