Sin embargo, se arguye que no cabe dar efecto retroactivo a la aprobacion de Gomez en su examen, puesto que el articulo 663 (d) del Codigo Administrativo Revisado, tal como ha sido enmendado, dispone que "a period of trial service shall be required before appointment or employmentis made permanent;" y es claro que Gomez, habien domuerto despues del examen y antes de que su resultado seanunciara, mal pudo ser sometido a dicho periodo de pruebapor 6 meses.
Esta manera de interpretar la ley tiene el defecto deser demasiado literal, y "la letra mata (a veces), mientrasque el espiritu vivifica." Tengase en cuenta que Gomez habia servido como tasador provincial delegado por 25 años consecutivos hasta el dia de su muerte. Cuando portan largo tiempo pudo superar la prueba de su competencia, en el ejercicio cotidiano de sus deberes, hay que presumir que sus superiores estaban satisfechos de su idoneidad. Por tanto, el periodo de prueba de 6 meses no rezabacon el. Para los efectos, por lo menos, de la validez de su poliza de seguro, se debe concluir que el exito desu examen le capacitaba y cualificaba automaticamente para un nombramiento regular y permanente desde la fechade dicho examen. Por tanto, el era asegurable y, dehecho, estaba asegurado en el dia de su muerte, bajo losterminos de la Ley No. 186. Esta conclusion es tanto masjusta cuanto que el "Government Service Insurance System" acepto practicamente la prima pagada, librando porella el correspondiente recibo.
Nos sentimos perfectamente autorizados para interpretarla ley lo mas liberalmente posible, toda vez que, prescindiendo ya de que en el presente caso se trata de la viuday familia de un pequeño empleado, es evidente que el Sistema Nacional de Seguro de Vida del Gobierno se hacreado para fines sociales y humanitarios, siendo parte deese generoso movimiento universal que tiende a mejorarcada dia la suerte de los hijos del trabajo mediante la promulgacion en todos los paises cultos y civilizados de leyes progresivas y liberales sobre seguridad social y economica. El articulo 3 de la ley del Commonwealth No. 186 que crea y reglamenta dicho Sistema, dice positivamente que el mismose establece "en orden a promover la eficiencia y bien estarde los empleados del Gobierno de Filipinas y reemplazar los sistemas de pensiones actualmente establecidos . . .". Como se sabe, aquellos sistemas de pensioneseran fundamentalmente de beneficencia, tanto que si noha sido posible continuarlos era porque el gobierno no disponia de tanto dinero para capitalizarlos y sostener lospor si solo. Asi que se ha ideado el Sistema Nacional de Seguro sobre bases mas cientificas y con adecuadas aportaciones de los empleados mismos. Con todo, es innegableque el sucesor ha heredado parte de los rasgos beneficos y humanitarios de sus antecesores.
En meritos de lo expuesto, se revoca la sentencia del Juzgado y se condena a la demandada y apelada a pagara la demandante y apelante la suma de P1,052, importe de la poliza de seguro del difunto Andres A. Gomez, maslos intereses legales desde la interposicion de la demanda, y las costas del juicio. Asi se ordena.
Moran, Pres., Paras, Feria, Pablo, Hilado, Bengzon, Padilla, and Tuason , MM., estan conformes.
Separate Opinions
PERFECTO, J., concurring:
We agree with the decision penned by Mr. Justice Briones, reversing the judgment of the lower court and ordering defendant to pay plaintiff the insurance of her deceased husband Andres Gomez in the sum of P1,052, including legal interest and costs. Under the provisions of Commonwealth Act No. 177, amending the Civil Service Law, Andres Gomez was a regular and permanent employee of the government, because he had been occupying for twenty-five years a classified position and had passed the examination as provided for by the above mentioned act, the pertinent, provisions of which are as follows:
No person shall be appointed to or employed in any position in the classified service until he passes the examination provided therefor. Provided, however, that persons now regularly and permanently employed in any branch or subdivision of the Government, whose positions are or may hereafter be classified by operation of the Constitution and of this Act may, unless separated by proper authority, continue in the service for the term of three years from January first, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven; Provided, that they shall be given three chances to qualify; and Provided, finally, That all employees who, upon the approval of this act, have rendered ten or more years of continuous and satisfactory service in a classified position or in any position which may be subject to classification, shall be given practical examination in which their length of service shall be accorded preferred consideration.
The deceased, having rendered ten or more years of continuous and satisfactory service in a classified position and passed the corresponding examination, became a permanent and regular employee and his membership in the insurance system became compulsory under section 4 (g), of Commonwealth Act No. 186, known as the Government Service Insurance Act.
Having had the privilege of initiating the amendment to the Civil Service Law which was later embodied in Commonwealth Act No. 117, as above quoted, we are in a position to state, as member of the National Assembly which approved the act and as author of the provisions, that the same covered perfectly the case of Andres Gomez to make him a permanent and regular employee.
We are also in a position to state that the main purpose of the Government Service Insurance Act was to replace the several pension laws then effective, in order to eliminate the discrimination resulting from the fact that, while a small number of government employees were enjoying the benefits of special pension laws, those benefits were denied to a great majority of government employees. To uphold the position taken by the lower court is to deprive the widow of Andres Gomez of the benefits clearly intended for her by Commonwealth Act No. 186.
Even if Andres Gomez had been only a temporary employee he was still insurable. The fact that membership in the Government Insurance System is compulsory upon permanent and regular employees, is no reason to deprive other employees of the benefits of the system as, otherwise, it will defeat the very social purpose for which it was established by the National Assembly.
The system was established "in order to promote the efficiency and welfare of the employees of the Government of the Philippines and to replace the present pension systems established," as stated in section 3 of Commonwealth Act No. 186. There is absolutely no principle of justice which can justify circumscribing the benefits of the system only to permanent and regular employees, when it was expressly intended for all employees, and to continue the hateful discrimination which compelled the National Assembly to abolish the then existing special pension systems. If there should be any doubt on this question, the doubt should be resolved in favor of the general intent of the law.
Courts are justified to do violence to the words of the statute to carry out "the judge-discovered intent" (Judge Baldwin, The American Judiciary, p. 84); that construction of statutes must be done to avoid absurdity, and that general terms must not lead to "injustice, oppression, or an absurd consequence," because "the reason of the law in such cases should prevail over its letter" (The Church of the Holy Trinity vs. U.S., 36 Law. ed. [U.S.], 232); that our judges can go further to diagnose the intent of the law and give it fulgour and effect and that the judge-made law is recognized in the Philippines (In re Shoop, 41 Phil., 213); that lawyers who deny the power of courts to legislate in the Philippines are sadly mistaken (Bocobo, The Cult of Legalism); that courts are "the great laboratories of the law" (Justice Cardozo, The Nature of Judicial Process); while Holland said in The Elements of Jurisprudence:
The State in general has two, and only two, articulate organs for law-making purposes — the Legislature and the Tribunals. The first organ makes new law, the second attests and confirms old law, though under cover of so doing it introduces many new principles.
. . . For statutes and judicial decisions alike come into being and grow out of the same common roots, the supreme good of society. It is a consecrated legal axiom that the reason of the law is the life of the law. The reason lies in the soil of the common welfare." (Bocobo, Cult of Legalism.)
. . . Consequently, if the judge limits himself to the printed page of the statute, and does not go out into the open spaces o factuality and dig down deep into this common soil, he fails in his noble calling, and becomes subservient to formalism. (Bocobo, Cult of Legalism.)
In Samuels, Special C.J., in Wortham vs. Walker Tex. ([1939], 127 S.W. [2nd], 1138, 1150), we have the following liberal construction of the law:
A liberal interpretation of a statute which denies to it the historical circumstances under which it has drawn is to make mummery of its provisions.
A statute should not be construed in a spirit of detachment as if it were a protoplasm floating around a space . . .. "Generally it may be said that in determining the meaning, intent, and purpose of a law or constitutional provisions, the history of the times out of which it grew and to which it may be rationally supposed to bear some direct relationship, the evils intended to be remedied, and the good to be accomplished are proper subjects of inquiry" . . ..
Law is not a water-tight compartment sealed or shut off from the contract with the drama of life which unfolds before our eyes. It is in no sense a cloistered realm but a busy state in which events are held up to our vision and touch at our elbows.
If the above principles of interpretation are not enough in support of the theory that all employees of the government are entitled to the benefits of the Government Insurance System, there is the principle of social justice embodied in the Constitution which supports the position, and with more emphasis if we take into consideration the fact that Commonwealth Act No. 186 was enacted after the Constitution came into effect.
Is the mandate addressed only to the legislative department? No: it is meant for the three departments; legislative, executive, and judicial, because the latter two are no less the agencies of the State than the first. For what use would it be for the National Assembly to pass laws calculated to enhance social justice if the executive officials should enforce them in such a way, and the courts should give them such an interpretation, as to defeat social justice?
Certainly, this principle of social justice in our Constitution as generously conceived and so tersely phrased, was not included in the fundamental law as a mere popular gesture. It was meant to a vital, articulate, compelling principle of public policy. It should be observed in the interpretation not only of future legislation, but also of all laws already existing on November 15, 1935. It was intended to change the spirit of our laws, present and future. Thus, all the laws which on the great historic event when the Commonwealth of the Philippines was born, were susceptible of two interpretations — strict or liberal, against or in favor of social justice, now have to be construed broadly in order to promote and achieve social justice. This may seem novel to our friends, the advocates of legalism, but it is the only way to give life and significance to the above-quoted principle of the Constitution. If it was not designed to apply to these existing laws, then it would be necessary to wait for generations until all our codes and all our statutes shall have been completely changed by removing every provision inimical to social justice, before the policy of social justice can become really effective. That would be an absurd conclusion. It is more reasonable to hold that this constitutional principle applies to all legislation in force on November 15, 1935, and all laws thereafter passed. (Bocobo, Cult of Legalism.)
Law, being a manifestation of social culture and progress, must be interpreted taking into consideration the stage of said culture and progress including all the concomitant circumstances. It must be interpreted by drawing inspiration, not only from the teachings of history, from precedents and traditions, but from inventions of science, discoveries of art, ideals of thinkers, dreams of poets, that is, all the sources from which may spring guidance and help to form a truthful idea of the human relations regulated by the law to be interpreted and applied. Broadmindedness and vision are essential for men presiding tribunals to reach correct and just conclusions.
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