Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. L-313 December 20, 1946
CIRIACO IBAÑEZ, petitioner,
vs.
HERNANDO HERNANDEZ, Judge of First Instance of Leyte, ET AL., respondents.
Antonio Montilla and Pacifico Ibañez for petitioner.
First Assistant Solicitor General Reyes and Assistant Solicitor General Alvendia for respondents.
FERIA, J.:
The petitioner was prosecuted in seventeen (17) cases for violation of an article 213 of the Revised Penal Code, and in four (4) cases for mis appropriation of public funds defined and penalized in article 217 of the same Code.
The Court of First Instance of Leyte, in its sentence dated May 22, 1941, found the petitioner guilty in the said seventeen cases for violation of article 213 of the Penal Code, and four (4) cases for misappropriation of public funds (all of which were tried jointly by agreement of the parties); but convicted him only in three of the aforementioned seventeen cases and in three of the four case for the misappropriation of public funds, in accordance with article 70 of the Revised Penal Code.
Petitioner appealed to the Court of Appeals, and the latter affirmed with modification the sentence of the lower court. No appeal by certiorari having been taken by the petitioner to this Court, the decision of the Court of Appeals became final after fifteen (15) days from its promulgation, and after the entry of the judgment the case was remanded to the lower court with a certified copy of the judgment or sentence for execution, in accordance with section 8 and 9 of Rule 53, made applicable to criminal cases by section 17, of Rule 120.
The judgment of the Court of First Instance as affirmed by the Court of Appeals could not be executed, because the defendant had been hiding in the mountains of Leyte according to what petitioner alleges in his petition.
On June 8, 1945, petitioner filed with the Court of First Instance of Leyte a motion asking the court "to suspend the reading of the decision of the Court of Appeals," on the ground that "all the acts of said Court of Appeals, being a creation of the Japanese-sponsored government, are null and void; and that the said Court of First Instance has no jurisdiction to have the aforesaid decision read to the accused in view of the fact that a Court of Appeals duly constituted in accordance with the Constitution of the Philippines and the laws of the Commonwealth, has not yet passed upon the merits of the case on appeal to said court." The provincial fiscal of Leyte filed a well prepared opposition to said motion, and the Court of First Instance of Leyte denied the motion on the strength of the doctrine laid down by this Court in the case of Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh and Dizon, (75 Phil., 113).
This case is before this Court by virtue of petition for certiorari, as special civil action, filed by the petitioner under section 1, Rule 67.
The grounds for the petition called "motivos de accion" by the petitioner, are(1) that the petitioner has not been able to attend to his said cases appealed to the Court of Appeals, nor to file a motion for a new trial and to appeal by certiorari to this Court from the Court of Appeals' decision, because he had been hiding in the mountains in order to preserve his loyalty to the Commonwealth and avoid serving the invader; (2) that the Japanese government had tried to arrest him and made him serve the said sentence; (3) that the latter was set aside by the judicial authorities of Leyte by virtue of the amnesty granted by the President of the so-called Republic of the Philippines; (4) that the cases against him, having been decided by the Court of Appeals under the Japanese government, had acquired International Law; (5) that three of the seventeen cases, and three of the four cases above mentioned refer to the same subject matter, and therefore he was charged with several offenses based on one and the same act, contrary to a circular of the Attorney General issued to provincial fiscals on October, 1941; and (6) that respondent have issued orders and taken steps to have the decision of the Court of Appeals executed, in excess of their powers and jurisdiction.
All the so-called "causes of action" or grounds in support of the petition are without merit and deserve no serious consideration.
In the case of Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh and Dizon, supra, as well as in that of Alcantara vs. Director of Prisons (75 Phil., 494), this Court has laid down the doctrine that the judgments and sentences, not of political complexion, of the ordinary court in these Islands during the Japanese occupation are good and valid. Therefore the respondent Judge act without or in excess of its jurisdicton in ordering the petitioner to appear in order to serve the sentence complained of which is not of political complexion.
The fact that after submitting, without objection, his appeal to the Court of Appeals, the petitioner had absconded himself in the mountains to avoid serving the sentence rather than for the reason stated or alleged in his petition, and for that reason he was prevented, according to his allegation, from filing a motion for new trial, or an appeal by certiorari to this Court, did not affect the validity of the said sentence.
Messrs. Justice Hilado and Perfecto quote, as a new ground for their dissent, an excerpt of the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Jones vs. United States (137 U.S., 202), which says that the question "who is the sovereign, de jure or de facto, of a territory is not a judicial, but a political, question, the determination of which by the legislative and executive departments of any government conclusively binds the judges, as well as all other officers, citizens and subjects, of that government." The only conclusion that may be drawn from the said quotation by the dissenters is, that they propounded the new theory that the question whether a government is de facto or de jure involves necessarily that of sovereignty, which, being a political question, is to be determined by the legislative and executive departments of a government, and not by the courts of justice. This theory is clearly erroneous. It is true that a government established in a territory under a sovereign de jure is a government de jure, but it is not true that a government established in a territory under a sovereign de jure cannot be a government de facto. The three classes of government de facto set forth in the decision of this Court in the case of Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh and Dizon and recognized by all the publicists and decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, are government de facto in a territory under the same sovereign de jure, or in which no question is involved as to change of sovereignty. In the said case of Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh and Dizon, this Court said: "There are several kinds of de facto governments. The first, or government de facto in a proper legal sense, is that governments that gets possession and control of, or usurps, by force or by the voice of the majority, the rightful legal government and maintains itself against the will of the latter, such as the government of England under the Commonwealth, first by Parliament and later by Cromwell as Protector. The second is that which is established and maintained by military forces who invade and occupy a territory of the enemy in the course of war, and which is denominated a government of paramount force, as the cases of Castine, in Maine, which was reduced to British possession in the war of 1812, and of Tampico, Mexico by the troops of the United States. And the third is that established as an independent government by the inhabitants of the country who rise in insurrection against the parent state, such as the government of the Southern Confederacy in revolt against the Union during the war of secession."
Were the theory advanced in the dissenting opinion correct the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the following cases in which it held that the governments in a territory temporarily occupied by the invading enemy forces during war, or set up by the insurgents during insurrection or rebellion, were de facto governments, would be also necessarily erroneous, and we do not think the dissenting Messrs. Justices Hilado and Perfecto mean to so hold. The Supreme Court of the United States held in the case of United States vs. Rice (4 Wheaton, 258), that the government established in Castine, Maine, occupied temporarily by the British forces in the war of 1812 was a de facto government. The same Court held in the case of Fleming vs. Page (9 How., 614), that the government established by the American forces in Tampico, Mexico, during the war between the latter and the United States was a de facto government. In the cases of Thorington vs. Smith (8 Wall. 1), Williams vs. Bruffy (95 U.S., 176) (quoting the decision in the case of Horn vs. Lockhart, 17 Wall., 570), and Baldy vs. Hunter (171 U.S., 388), that it was held that the government set up by the Confederates States during the war of secession were de facto government. And, in the case of McCleod vs. United States (229 U.S., 416), the same Supreme Court of the United States held that the short-lived government established by Filipino insurgents in the island of Cebu during the Spanish-American War, was de facto government.
In view of the fact that there are only five Justices concurring in this opinion, and after a rehearing the voting remained the same, the petition for certiorari is dismissed in accordance with the provisions of Rule 56 section 2, in relation with Rule 58, section 1, of the Rules of Court. So ordered.lawphil.net
Moran, Bengzon C.J., Paras, Pablo and JJ., concur.
Separate Opinions
HILADO, J., dissenting:
We dissent.
In this case the result of the voting failed to obtain a majority. In accordance with the provisions of Rule 56, section 2 in relation with Rule 58, section 1, this case was set forth for rehearing, but no party appeared when it was called on the day set. Thereafter, the respective opinions of the Justices and the voting remained the same, with the consequences that, pursuant to said section 2, this action, which was originally commenced in this Court, will be dismissed. With all due respect to our brethren who maintain different views from ours upon the very vital legal questions involved herein, we feel constrained to dissent from said determination of the case. The opinion of our said brethren has been written by Mr. Justice Feria in the form of the foregoing decision. Said opinion is predicated upon the doctrine, from which we also dissented, laid down in Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh and Dizon (75 Phil., 113).
In order that the majority decision, with the dissents, in this case maybe promulgated without further delay, we have decided to merely summarize the reasons supporting ours, without prejudice to our registering a more extended dissent in Etorma vs. Ravelo and Director of Prisons (78 Phil., 145). Briefly, this dissent is based upon: (1) the reason set forth in my dissent, both from the main decision and from the resolution of the motion for reconsideration, in Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh and Dizon, supra; (2) those set forth in my concurring opinion in Peralta vs. Director of Prisons (75 Phil., 285); (3) those set forth in my concurring opinion in People vs. Jose (75 Phil., 612); (4) those set forth in my dissent in Alcantara vs. Director of Prisons (75 Phil., 494);(5) those set forth in my dissenting opinion in Castro vs. Court of Appeals (75 Phil., 824); and (6) the doctrine in Jones vs. United States (137 U.S., 202; 34 Law. ed., 691, 696), and in the cases therein cited, that:
Who is the sovereign, de jure or de facto, of a territory is not a judicial, but a political, question, the determination of which by the legislative and executive departments of any government conclusively binds the judges, as well as all other officers, citizens and subjects, of that government. This principle has always been unheld by this court, and has been affirmed under a great variety of circumstances. (Gelston vs. Hoyt, 16 U.S., 3 Wheat., 246, 324 [4:381, 401]; United States vs. Palmer, Id., 610 [471]; The Divina Pastrona, 17 U.S., Wheat., 52 [4:512]; Foster vs. Neilson, 27 U.S., 2 Pet., 253, 307, 309 [7:415, 433, 434]; Keene vs. M'Donough, 33 U.S., 8 Pet., 308 (8:955); Garcia vs. Lee, 37 U.S., 12 Pet., 511, 520, (9:1176); Williams vs. Suffolk Ins. Co., 38 U.S., 13 Pet., 415 [10:226]; United States vs. Yorba, 68 U.S., 1 Wall., 412, 423[17:635, 637]; United States vs. Lynde, 78 U.S., 11 Wall., 632, 638 [20:230, 232]. It is equally well settled in England. The Pelican, Edw. Adm. Appx. D; Taylor vs. Barclay, 2 Sim., 213; Emperor of Austria vs. Day, 3 De G.F. & J., 217, 221, 233; Republic of Peru vs. Peruvian Guano Co., L.R., 36 Ch. Div. 489, 497; Republic of Peru vs. Dreyfus, L. R., 38 Ch. Div., 348, 356, 359."; (137 U.S., 202, 213; 34 Law. ed., 696.)
In the case of Etorma vs. Ravelo and Director of Prisons, supra, we propose to show the pertinence and applicability of the doctrine in Jones vs. United States, supra, and make an extended discussion of the other grounds of our dissent therein.
Perfecto, J., concurs.
BRIONES, M., disidente:
Disiento de la ponencia por las mismas razones expuestas en mi disidencia registrada en el asunto de Co Kim Cham contra Valdez Tan Keh and Dizon (75 Phil., 371).
Es un hecho no impugnado seriamente que el recurrente se replego en las montanas de Leyte para huir del gobierno de fuerza predominante o de facto establecido por los japoneses es estas Islas durante la ultima guerra. El tenia derecho de hacerlo; no estaba obligado a rendir vasallaje a dicho gobierno. Cuanco se remonto todavia le quedaban ciertos recursos para defenderse, y si no pudo utilizarlos fue por dicho remontamiento.
Por tanto, ahora, en la liberacion, es nada mas que justo el que se le dela oportunidad de agotar tales recursos, permitiendole proseguir su apelacion.
El recurso debe estimarse.
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