G.R. No. 195638




Manila EN BANC [ G.R. No. 195638. March 22, 2022 ] ANITA SANTOS, PETITIONER, VS. ATTY. KISSACK B. GABAEN, RICARDO D. SANGA, AND THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, RESPONDENTS. D E C I S I O N LOPEZ, J., J.: Before this Court is a Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition1 with prayer for the issuance of a temporary restraining order (TRO) under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court filed by petitioner Anita Santos (Santos) against respondents Atty. Kissack B. Gabaen, (Gabaen) Ricardo D. Sanga, and the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) assailing the Order2 dated February 7, 2011, and the Cease and Desist Order3 dated February 10, 2011 of the NCIP-Regional Hearing Office (NCIP-RHO). The Antecedents Pinagtibukan It Pala'wan, Inc. (PINPAL) is a people's organization of Palawan Indigenous Cultural Community in Barangay Punta Baja, Rizal, Palawan. It is the holder of Resource Use Permit (RUP) No. 001-09,4 which authorizes it to occupy, cut, collect, and remove 155,503.125 kilos of almaciga resin from the Certificates of Ancestral Domain Claims (CADC) area with CADC No. R4-CADC-100 located in the said barangay. Since time immemorial, Danny Erong (Erong), a Pala'wan Tribal Chieftain of Purok Culapisan, Barangay Punta Baja, Rizal, Palawan, and his ancestors have been engaged in the gathering and selling of almaciga resin within the forest area.5 Erong alleged that the DENR, through the City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) of Quezon, Palawan, granted PINPAL's RUP No. 001-096 without the required Certification Precondition (CP) under Section 597 of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 8371.8 Under this provision, all departments and government agencies are required to secure prior certification from the NCIP stating that the area affected does not overlap with an ancestral domain or that the Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) of the affected Indigenous Cultural Community (ICC) or Indigenous Peoples (IP) has been obtained before any concession, license, or permit is granted.9 Erong further claimed that PINPAL, as the holder of RUP No. 001-09, required him to sell his almaciga resin only to Santos, thereby allowing her to have monopoly over the market.10 When Erong found another buyer offering a better price than that given by Santos, he pleaded to PINPAL that he be allowed to gather and sell resin to his buyer of choice. However, PINPAL allegedly refused and even threatened to confiscate his almaciga resin and prohibited him from gathering and selling the same.11 Hence, on October 15, 2010, Erong filed a complaint12 before the NCIP-RHO against PINPAL, represented by Naron T. Asura (Asura), and the DENR. Erong accused PINPAL and DENR of violating Section 59 of R.A. No. 8371 in issuing RUP No. 001-09.13 On October 20, 2010, the NCIP-RHO Regional Hearing Officer Gabaen issued a 20-day TRO.14 On November 17, 2010, Santos filed a Verified Motion to Intervene15 and her Answer-in-Intervention.16 She denied monopolizing the market. She explained that though she buys the products of PINPAL, she does not exclusively fix the price because it is controlled by market demand.17 She also stressed that she does not buy directly from the members of the ICC but from PINPAL's authorized representative.18 She also maintained that Erong failed to demonstrate irreparable injury to justify the issuance of an injunction.19 On December 2, 2010, the NCIP-RHO conducted a hearing wherein the parties expressed their willingness to enter into an amicable settlement.20 Therefore, in an Order21 issued on even date, the case was remanded to the Tribal Council of the Pala'wan ICC for the expeditious settlement of the dispute based on the customs and traditions of the Pala'wan Tribe.22 While a general assembly for the amicable settlement was scheduled on February 4, 2011, PINPAL advised the NCIP-RHO that it was no longer willing to proceed with the proposed amicable settlement, and that they will not participate in the general assembly,23 thus, leaving the issues to be resolved by the NCIP-RHO.24 Subsequently, the general assembly proceeded as scheduled. Despite the boycott made by PINPAL, community members supporting Erong and other PINPAL officers and members attended. However, no resolution was reached, giving way to another assembly set on February 14, 2011.25 On February 7, 2011, the NCIP-RHO received a call from its Field Office based in Abo-Abo, Sofronio, Palawan, reporting that a van coming from Punta Baja, Rizal will be used by PINPAL, particularly Asura, and will surreptitiously transport a full-load of almaciga resin out of the ancestral domain. Hence, NCIP-RHO directed the NCIP Community Service Center of Abo-Abo to mobilize the DENR and police checkpoints. However, no police officers nor DENR personnel were available. Thus, the NCIP-RHO sought the assistance of the Philippine Marines to enforce the jurisdiction of the NCIP.26 The NCIP claimed that since the almaciga resin were going to be brought to Santos in Puerto Prinsesa and will immediately be transported to Manila, waiting for a written restraining order from the NCIP-RHO in Quezon City, Metro Manila was deemed impractical.27 On the basis of Gabaen's instruction, the NCIP Field Office in Abo-abo, Palawan issued a memorandum28 dated February 6, 2011 enjoining the transport of the almaciga resin. At 1:30 p.m. on February 7, 2011, the elf truck that Santos sent to pick up the almaciga resin from the warehouse of PINPAL was apprehended by the Philippine Marines on the basis of the memorandum dated February 6, 2011 was shown to Nilo Ybanez, the person driving the truck.29 The vehicle and almaciga resin were then impounded.30 Thereafter, in an Order31 dated February 7, 2011, the NCIP-RHO required the almaciga resin to remain in the custody of the NCIP until the resolution of the complaint and further instructed that they be deposited with the Abo-Abo Service Center.32 The pertinent portion of the Order states: x x x x The almaciga resins will remain confiscated by this Quasi-Judicial Court until the resolution of the case pending before it and to be deposited with the Abo-Abo Service Center after the issuance of receipt of the confiscated almaciga. WHEREFORE, with the foregoing, the NCIP Provincial Officer and the Community Development Officer of the Abo-Abo Service Center are hereby ordered to effect the Jurisdiction of the NCIP. The PNP and the Philippine Marines are ordered by this quasi[-]judicial court to assist the effective jurisdiction of this Office without hesitation. So ordered.33 (Emphases in the original) Subsequently, on February 10, 2011, the NCIP-RHO issued a Cease and Desist Order,34 the dispositive portion of which states: *WHEREFORE,* the defendants, *PINAGTIBUKAN IT PALA'WAN (PINPAL), Represented by: Naron T. Asura* and the *DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES* thru *PENRO Juan De La Cruz* and his agents namely: *Ma Theresa V. Ayson,* Chief FMS; *Bernardo S. Francisco,* Chief FMS; *Florencio C. Diaz,* CENRO; *Jesus Nunez, Jr.,* FR./Team Leader Sector III; *Rosvianne Ybanez,* owner of conveyance; *Nilo Ybanez,* representative; *Jeffry Cinco,* owner/shipper; *Merlo Cantuba,* FR/Team Leader Sector II; *Gerry O. Pader,* Forest Ranger *Marlo B. Morano,* Forest ranger; *Froilan Felix,* DENR manning the abo-abo checkpoint; Police Officer *Willy Molines; Brgy. Capt. Myrna Marques; Anita Santos* and all those who claim rights under said defendants and all persons under their instructions and acting for and in their behalves are hereby *ordered to stay, refrain or CEASE and DESIST* from further COERCING, INTIMIDATING AND THREATENING the NCIP employee of AboAbo who effected the seizure of the illegal forest products unlawfully taken from the ancestral domain and *INTERVENING* into the release of the seized almaciga. And for all the employees of the DENR Palawan, specifically, to cease and desist in intervening and disregarding the law and the jurisdiction of the NCIP over all ancestral domains and all the natural resources and forest products illegally transported without a CP or without going into the legal mandatory process of FPIC. Further, the defendant DENR thru the PENRO and all its CENROs in Palawan to FURTHER CEASE AND DESIST IN IMPLEMENTING ALL ILLEGALY ISSUED RESOURCE USE PERMITS GRANTED ALL OVER THE ANCESTRAL DOMAINS WITHIN PALAWAN. AND FOR ANITA SANTOS, JEFFRY CINCO, NILO YBANEZ AND ROSEVIANNE YBANES, WHOSE RIGHTS AS CONCESSIONERS, BUYERS AND SHIPPERS OF ALMACIGA EMANTED FROM AN ILLEGAL ISSUANCE OF RUPs, TO ABSOLUTELY STAY AND REFRAIN FROM CONTINUING TO USE AN ILLEGALY OBTAINED RIGHT. Finally, the Government thru the NCIP as the GUARDIAN OF THE PEOPLE are hereby ordered to gather the General Assembly of the ancestral Domain subject matter of this complaint and facilitate the election of a legitimate tribal leaders/ constitute legal Indigenous Peoples Organization and register it with the NCIP in order for it to have a legal standing in dealing with all matters pertaining to the ancestral domain. The private defendants are hereby ordered to submit all the financial statements of their 20 years of operation as an alleged IP organization with the Regional Hearing Office to check if indeed the proceeds of the almaciga went to the benefit of the whole ancestral domain subject matter of the complaint. The driver of the truck van, Nilo Ybanez, with plate no. RGK 643, used to transport the illegally acquired almaciga is hereby directly ordered by this Regional Hearing Office to open his truck in order for the NCIP to fully effect its jurisdiction over the almaciga resins within three (3) days from the receipt or refusal to receive of this order. Refusal to comply with this order is contempt under the rules and the NCIP with the help of the marines may be allowed to open the truck on their own initiative to consummate the seizure. This CEASE AND DESIST ORDER shall be effective immediately. Violation of this order will subject the violator to not more than six (6) months in prison or a fine not exceeding Thirty Thousand Pesos (P30,000.00) and will be ordered to make full restitution of the property involved or such amount as maybe alleged and proved. Ordering further the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) in Abo-Abo Service Center in Palawan to immediately serve this order to the defendants and agents of the defendants on the field. Commending the Philippine Marines under the command of Col. Jesus Raul Valdes for its continued assistance to the NCIP in effecting its jurisdiction. The Municipal Government and the Municipal Chief of Police of Rizal, Palawan are advised to give due assistance to the NCIP in the service of this order so as to avoid the risk of life and security as per the joint memorandum of agreement between the DILG and the NCIP respecting the rights of the Indigenous Peoples. So ordered.35 (Emphases and italics in the original) Based on the Cease and Desist Order,36 the NCIP-RHO enjoined the parties from coercing, threatening, and intimidating the NCIP personnel and from intervening in the release of the almaciga resin. The DENR and the CENRO were called out for issuing the RUP for the almaciga resins and consenting to their removal from the ancestral domains of the IPs without the requisite certification under Section 59 of R.A. No. 8371.37 On February 15, 2011, Santos filed with the NCIP-RHO a notice of withdrawal of the Motion to Intervene, which she filed on November 17, 2010, stating that the proceedings in the case lack due process and that the almaciga resin were being held without jurisdiction.38 Thereafter, Santos filed a Petition for Certiorari and prohibition39 with prayer for the issuance of TRO with this Court. Similarly, Asura, representing PINPAL, filed an omnibus motion with the NCIP-RHO asking for the same reliefs Santos prayed for in her petition.40 Just a few weeks after, the leaders of the tribes affected by the Cease and Desist Order asked that it be lifted and that they be allowed to transport their minor forest products out of their ancestral domain.41 In another Order42 dated April 5, 2011, the NCIP-RHO directed the lifting of the Cease and Desist Order against the DENR. Nonetheless, the NCIP-RHO stressed that in issuing certificate of origins, the Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Officer (PENRO)/CENRO must abide by the mandatory rule on FPIC. The NCIP-RHO reminded that a certificate issued by the NCIP Provincial Officer should first be obtained stating that the requirement of FPIC has been complied with by the grantees before certificate of origins may be issued.43 Meanwhile, on April 25, 2011, Rosvianne S. Ybanez, claiming to be the daughter of Santos, filed a third party claim44 with the NCIP-RHO. She asked for the release of her seized van that was used to transport the almaciga resins. Her claim was granted and the van was released to her father, Nilo Ybanez, the common-law husband of Santos.45 In the present Petition for Certiorari and prohibition,46 Santos asks this Court inter alia to: (1) issue a TRO and a writ of prohibition to enjoin Gabaen, the NCIP, the DENR, and all persons acting under its authority from implementing the Cease and Desist Order dated February 10, 2011; (2) issue a TRO and a writ of prohibition to enjoin Gabaen and the NCIP from ruling on the validity of the RUP in NCIP Case No. 28-RIV-10 during the pendency of the petition; (3) annul the Order dated February 7, 2011 and the Cease and Desist Order dated February 10, 2011 for lack of jurisdiction and for being contrary to law; and (4) declare unconstitutional Section 3(a)47 of R.A. No. 8371, and Section 1, Part II, Rule III48 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of R.A. No. 8371 for violating Section 2, Article XII of the Constitution.49 For the government, the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) deemed it appropriate to file a Comment50 stating that: (1) Santos has no standing to institute the petition as she is not the owner of the RUP whose validity is in question;51 (2) the present petition is not the proper remedy to question the validity of the orders Gabaen issued;52 (3) the NCIP has jurisdiction to issue the assailed orders pursuant to its quasi-judicial power under Section 69 (d) of R.A. No. 8371;53 (4) even if the case may be resolved without passing upon the constitutionality of R.A. No. 8371, the resolution of such issue presents a justiciable controversy and is imperative in order to finally settle the issue and avoid a situation wherein all RUPs are resolved on the basis of the application of the doctrine of operative fact;54 (5) the provisions of R.A. No. 8371 conferring ownership over ancestral domains and lands to IPs contravene the Regalian Doctrine;55 and (6) the RUP of PINPAL is invalid due to non-compliance with Section 59 of R.A. No. 8371 regardless of the constitutionality of the relevant provisions, since the doctrine of operative fact recognizes that any legislative or executive act, prior to its invalidity, is considered to be in force and must be complied with.56 For its part, the NCIP argues that: (1) it has acted within the scope of its jurisdiction and with due process in the issuance of the Order dated February 7, 2011 and the Cease and Desist Order dated February 10, 2011;57 (2) the NCIP can validly question the RUP issued by the DENR with respect to natural resources found within the ancestral domain;58 (3) ICCs/IPs are not exempt from the requirement of obtaining FPIC from the community and the corresponding CP from the NCIP before a RUP can be issued to them by the DENR for utilizing natural resources within the ancestral domain;59 (4) Santos cannot collaterally attack the constitutionality of R.A. No. 8371 in the present case as it is immaterial to the causes of action she raised;60 and (5) the petition should be dismissed on technical grounds for raising to this Court issues other than those on pure questions of law, and for failing to exhaust all prior remedies.61 By way of Reply,62 Santos insists that: (1) she has locus standi to file the present petition because her business was affected by the assailed orders and she is the owner of the confiscated almaciga resins;63 (2) a petition for certiorari and prohibition was the appropriate remedy and that the principle on exhaustion of administrative remedies is not applicable, since she was not even made a party to any pending case before the NCIP;64 (3) her challenge on the constitutionality of Section 3(a) of R.A. No. 8371, and Section 1, Part II, Rule III of the IRR of R.A. No. 8371 was proper because ownership of the natural resources determines which agency has jurisdiction to take cognizance of the issues on the validity of the RUP;65 (4) the validity of the RUP is not an issue in this petition as the underlying issue is the ownership of ancestral domain;66 and (5) the status quo that must be maintained is the continued trading of almaciga resins by PINPAL and Santos.67 After several extensions afforded by this Court to the DENR, it filed its Comment68 on August 25, 2020. It maintains that: (1) the RUP it issued is valid and is in line with its duties and responsibilities;69 (2) the NCIP does not have jurisdiction to invalidate the RUP DENR issued;70 and (3) the provisions in R.A. No. 8371 conferring right of ownership over ancestral domains are unconstitutional as it contravenes the Regalian Doctrine.71 Issues The issues to be resolved are: I Whether the present petition is the proper remedy to question the orders of Gabaen; II Whether Santos has legal standing to defend the validity of the RUP issued by the DENR to PINPAL; and III Whether this Court may take cognizance and rule on the constitutionality of the provisions of R.A. No. 8371 conferring ownership over ancestral domain and land to ICCs/IPs. Our Ruling The petition must be dismissed. I At the outset, there is a need to discuss the propriety of the petition for certiorari and prohibition filed with the objective of annulling the challenged orders of Gabaen that were issued in the exercise of the NCIP's quasi-judicial power. Under Section 1, Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, the following requisites must be present in order for a petition for certiorari to prosper: (1) the writ is directed against a tribunal, a board, or any officer exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions; (2) such tribunal, board, or officer has acted without or in excess of jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction; and (3) there is no appeal or any plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.72 Meanwhile, in Section 2, Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, the following requisites must be established in the case of a petition for prohibition: (1) the writ is directed against a tribunal, corporation, board or person exercising functions, judicial, quasi-judicial, or ministerial (2) such tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person has acted without or in excess of its jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion; and (3) there is no appeal or any other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.73 In the present case, the first two requisites for a petition for certiorari and prohibition under Rule 65 are present because it is directed against orders of the NCIP issued in the exercise of its quasi-judicial function and are purportedly without or in excess of its jurisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion. The third requisite - that there is no appeal or any plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law - is likewise present. To demonstrate this requisite within the context of the present case, it is imperative to discuss the mandate and jurisdiction of the NCIP. The NCIP is mandated to "protect and promote the interest and well-being of the ICCs/IPs with due regard to their beliefs, customs, traditions and institutions."74 This is consistent with the framework observed by the State in favor of the protection of the rights of the ICCs/IPs, as found in Section 22, Article II,75 Section 5, Article XII,76 and Section 6, Article XIII77 of the Constitution. In The City Government of Baguio City v. Atty. Masweng,78 this Court declared that: The NCIP is the primary government agency responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans and programs to protect and promote the rights and well-being of indigenous cultural communities/indigenous peoples (ICCs/IPs) and the recognition of their ancestral domains as well as their rights thereto. In order to fully effectuate its mandate, the NCIP is vested with jurisdiction over all claims and disputes involving the rights of ICCs/IPs. The only condition precedent to the NCIP's assumption of jurisdiction over such disputes is that the parties thereto shall have exhausted all remedies provided under their customary laws and have obtained a certification from the Council of Elders/Leaders who participated in the attempt to settle the dispute that the same has not been resolved.79 To achieve the mandate of the State, the jurisdiction of the NCIP is laid down in Section 66 of R.A. No. 8371, which states: SECTION 66. Jurisdiction of the NCIP. - The NCIP, through its regional offices, shall have jurisdiction over all claims and disputes involving rights of ICCs/IPs: Provided, however, That no such dispute shall be brought to the NCIP unless the parties have exhausted all remedies provided under their customary laws. For this purpose, a certification shall be issued by the Council of Elders/Leaders who participated in the attempt to settle the dispute that the same has not been resolved, which certification shall be a condition precedent to the filing of a petition with the NCIP.80 Likewise, Section 5, Rule III of the NCIP Administrative Circular No. 1, Series of 2003, or the Rules on Pleadings, Practice and Procedure Before the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (2003 NCIP Rules of Procedure) provides an enumeration of cases under the jurisdiction of the NCIP: SECTION 5. Jurisdiction of the NCIP. The NCIP through its Regional Hearing Offices shall exercise jurisdiction over all claims and disputes involving rights of ICCs/IPs and all cases pertaining to the implementation, enforcement, and interpretation of R.A. 8371, including but not limited to the following: (1) Original and Exclusive Jurisdiction of the RHO: a. Cases involving disputes and controversies over ancestral lands/domains of ICCs/IPs; b. Cases involving violations of the requirement of free and prior and informed consent of ICCs/IPs; c. Actions for enforcement of decisions of ICCs/IPs involving violations of customary laws or desecration of ceremonial sites, sacred places, or rituals; d. Actions for redemption/reconveyance under Section 8(b) of R.A. 8371; and e. Such other cases analogous to the foregoing. (2) Original Jurisdiction of the Regional Hearing Office: a. Cases affecting property rights, claims of ownership, hereditary succession, and settlement of land disputes, between and among ICCs/IPs that have not been settled under customary laws; and b. Actions for damages arising out of any violation of Republic Act No. 8371. (3) Exclusive and Original Jurisdiction of the Commission: a. Petition for cancellation of Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titles/Certificate of Ancestral Land Titles (CADTs/CALTs) alleged to have been fraudulently acquired by, and issued to, any person or community as provided for under Section 54 of R. A. 8371. Provided that such action is filed within one (1) year from the date of registration.81 Among the powers bestowed on the NCIP is the jurisdiction "to decide all appeals from the decisions and acts of all various offices with the Commission."82 This necessarily includes decisions and acts of the regional and field offices of the NCIP. However, it must be clarified that the NCIP does not automatically have jurisdiction over all disputes involving ICCs/IPs. In Unduran v. Aberasturi,83 it was declared that Section 66 of R.A. No. 8371 does not confer on the NCIP exclusive and original jurisdiction over all claims and disputes involving rights of ICCs/IPs. This Court emphasized that the proper construction of the provision, particularly its qualifying proviso, is that the NCIP's jurisdiction over such claims and disputes occur "only when they arise between or among parties belonging to the same ICC/IP."84 Here, it is undisputed that Santos does not belong to the ICC of Erong and PINPAL. The remedies the NCIP suggested are not available to Santos because she could not file a motion for reconsideration before the NCIP nor an appeal to the Court of Appeals (CA). She has no available remedy within the NCIP as it does not have jurisdiction over her claim. Therefore, a petition under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court is the proper remedy to challenge the confiscation of the almaciga resins. Nevertheless, the petition should still be dismissed for violating the doctrine of hierarchy of courts. Under Section 5(1), Article VIII of the Constitution, this Court has original jurisdiction over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, and mandamus. However, in GIOS-SAMAR, Inc. v. Department of Transportation and Communications,85 it was held that: The 1987 Constitution and the Rules of Court promulgated, pursuant to its provisions, granted us original jurisdiction over certain cases. In some instances, this jurisdiction is shared with Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) and the Court of Appeals (CA). However, litigants do not have unfettered discretion to invoke the Court's original jurisdiction. The doctrine of hierarchy of courts dictates that, direct recourse to this Court is allowed only to resolve questions of law, notwithstanding the invocation of paramount or transcendental importance of the action. This doctrine is not mere policy, rather, it is a constitutional filtering mechanism designed to enable the Court to focus on the more fundamental and essential tasks assigned to it by the highest law of the land.86 (Emphasis supplied) The doctrine of hierarchy of courts is in place to "ensure that this Court remains a court of last resort."87 This Court could not simply give due course to all petitions where original jurisdiction over the matter is shared with the lower courts as it will unnecessarily clog this Court's docket and exhaust resources that may be better utilized to resolve more pressing concerns. In The Diocese of Bacolod v. Commission on Elections,88 this Court identified the instances wherein the strict application of the doctrine of hierarchy of courts may be relaxed. These include: (1) when there are genuine issues of constitutionality that must be addressed at the most immediate time; (2) when the issues involved are of transcendental importance; (3) in cases of first impression; (4) when the constitutional issues raised are better decided by this Court; (5) when the exigency or time element presented in the case cannot be ignored; (6) when the petition filed reviews the act of a constitutional organ; (7) when petitioners have no other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law; and (8) when the petition includes questions that are dictated by public welfare and the advancement of public policy, or demanded by the broader interest of justice, or the orders complained of were found to be patent nullities, or the appeal was considered as clearly an inappropriate remedy.89 Under any of these circumstances, a petitioner may be permitted to seek direct resort to this Court through certiorari, mandamus, and/or prohibition under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court. To validly take cognizance of the present petition for certiorari and prohibition, Santos must specify the exceptional circumstance present in her case to warrant direct resort to this Court. Noticeably, in justifying her direct resort to this Court, Santos merely alleged that: x x x x 20. Since there is no other plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law for the petitioner, a recourse to this Petition was made by her before this Honorable Court. Also, considering the chaotic consequence, magnitude and the extreme urgency of the matter involved in this Petition, only this Honorable Court can provide the immediate and adequate remedy to the situation affecting not only the petitioner but the other traders as well and the indigenous peoples in Palawan.90 A careful examination of the quoted statement above reveals that Santos failed to invoke any extraordinary circumstance to convince this Court to allow a deviation from the doctrine of hierarchy of courts. Merely stating the purported "chaotic consequence, magnitude and the extreme urgency of the matter,"91 without anything more to substantiate her claim, does not automatically excuse her from observing the hierarchy of courts. In Puerto Del Sol Palawan, Inc. v. Gabaen (Puerto Del Sol Palawan, Inc.),92 the CA opined that since Puerto Del Sol Palawan, Inc. (PDSPI) had the available remedy of filing a motion for reconsideration against the Order of the NCIP-RHO dismissing outright its Memorandum on Appeal for being filed beyond the reglementary period, the petition for certiorari of PDSPI should be dismissed. The CA ruled that there was still a plain, adequate, and speedy remedy at the disposal of PDSPI. When the case reached this Court, the ruling was reversed and it was held that the CA erred in dismissing the petition for certiorari of PDSPI assailing the denial of its Memorandum on Appeal.93 It must be stressed that in Puerto Del Sol Palawan, Inc., the petition for certiorari assailing the NCIP-RHO Hearing Officer's order disallowing PDSPI's appeal, was filed in the CA. The NCIP-RHO Hearing Officer involved was coincidentally also, Gabaen. It was held that in challenging an interlocutory order or an order of the NCIP disallowing an appeal, a petition under Rule 65 was the proper remedy and that the CA was the proper court to resolve it.94 To this Court's mind, there is no reason to depart from the doctrine of hierarchy of courts and the ruling in Puerto Del Sol Palawan, Inc. II Even if the doctrine of hierarchy of courts is relaxed, the petition of Santos failed to comply with the requisites of judicial review because she has no legal standing to bring a suit defending the validity of the RUP of PINPAL. The requisites of judicial review include: (1) there must be an actual case or controversy; (2) it must be ripe for adjudication; (3) the person challenging the validity of the act must have standing to sue; (4) the question of constitutionality must have been raised at the earliest opportunity; and (5) the issue of constitutionality must be the very lis mota of the case.95 The requisite of actual case or controversy is present "when there is a conflict of legal rights, an assertion of opposite legal claims, susceptible of judicial resolution as distinguished from a hypothetical or abstract difference or dispute."96 It must involve issues that are definite and concrete and affect legal relations of parties with adverse interests.97 It must also be demonstrated that there is grave abuse of discretion in the assailed governmental act in the context of actual, not merely theoretical, facts.98 The right sought to be enforced through the exercise of judicial review is inextricably linked to the other requisites, particularly a party's legal standing. Anent the requisite of legal standing, the complaining party must demonstrate a direct injury already sustained or immediately in danger of sustaining as a result of the act complained of. Here, this Court finds that Santos has no legal standing to institute a suit defending the validity of the RUP of PINPAL. In Falcis III v. Civil Registrar General,99 this Court defined legal standing as: x x x a party's "personal and substantial interest in the case such that he has sustained, or will sustain, direct injury as a result of its enforcement." Interest in the case "means a material interest, an interest in issue affected by the decree, as distinguished from mere interest in the question involved, or a mere incidental interest."100 (Citations omitted) The requirement of legal standing is imposed to ensure "that a party is seeking a concrete outcome or relief that may be granted by courts."101 It is based on the principle of separation of powers as it spares the "unnecessary interference or invalidation by the judicial branch of the actions rendered by its co-equal branches of government."102 It is also intended to prevent the courts from indiscriminately being exposed to all types of suits that may unduly overburden the dockets.103 This Court highlighted in Falcis III104 that: [w]hether a suit is public or private, the parties must have "a present substantial interest," not a "mere expectancy or a future, contingent, subordinate, or consequential interest." Those who bring the suit must possess their own right to the relief sought.105 The foregoing rule applies even to non-traditional suitors such as taxpayers, legislators, or concerned citizens, who must still claim some kind of injury-in-fact or concrete interest in the outcome of the dispute.106 Moreover, Section 2, Rule 3 of the Rules of Court provides that a real party in interest is one "who stands to be benefited or injured by the judgment in the suit, or the party entitled to the avails of the suit." In Alliance of Non-Life Insurance Workers of the Philippines v. Hon. Mendoza,107 the petition for review on certiorari filed by purported non-life insurance agents and underwriters was denied due, among other reasons, to their lack of legal standing to challenge the constitutionality of an issuance by the Department of Transportation and Communication. This Court ruled that the petitioners failed to establish legal standing as associations suing on behalf of their members. While their respective certificates of incorporation were presented, it was not shown that they were authorized to represent their members in the protection of their insurance business. The same can be said about Santos. She could not simply institute a case defending the validity of the RUP of PINPAL without being authorized by the organization to sue on its behalf. Santos failed to demonstrate to this Court that she possesses the requisite authority to represent PINPAL. Meanwhile, in the case of Real v. House of Representatives,108 this Court dismissed a petition filed under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court seeking to compel the House of Representatives to facilitate the proceedings in relation to the renewal of a corporation's legislative franchise. In dismissing the petition, this Court reiterated that only those who sustained a direct injury or is in danger of suffering damage from the assailed acts may bring a suit to Us. This Court also noted that the corporation seeking a renewal of its legislative franchise had already instituted a separate proceeding.109 This ruling can be applied by analogy to the petition of Santos. Since PINPAL has the more direct and specific interest in the validity of its RUP than Santos, her petition must be dismissed. While Santos may have an indirect interest, as a buyer of the almaciga resins, this interest is only incidental as compared to the interest of PINPAL - the holder of the RUP. As pointed out by the OSG, her interest does not qualify as that contemplated to warrant the exercise of judicial review because it arises only from her alleged exclusive dealership with PINPAL, and not from the RUP itself. Santos has no direct or personal right prejudiced by the nullity of the RUP granted to PINPAL.110 Thus, she is not in the position to ask for injunctive relief against the proceedings for the validity of the RUP before the NCIP-RHO. III Finally, on the question of constitutionality of Section 3(a) of R.A. No. 8371, in Parcon-Song v. Parcon,111 it was held that courts should avoid resolving the constitutionality of a law if the case can be ruled on other grounds. Speaking through the ponencia of Associate Justice Marvic M.V.F. Leonen, this Court explained that: As a rule, the courts will not resolve the constitutionality of a law, if the controversy can be settled on other grounds. The policy of the courts is to avoid ruling on constitutional questions and to presume that the acts of the political departments are valid, absent a clear and unmistakable showing to the contrary. To doubt is to sustain. This presumption is based on the doctrine of separation of powers. This means that the measure had first been carefully studied by the legislative and executive departments and found to be in accord with the Constitution before it was finally enacted and approved. x x x x The judicial review requirement that a constitutional issue seasonably raised should be the lis mota of the case is rooted in two constitutional principles: first, the principle of deference; and second, the principle of reasonable caution in striking down an act by a co-equal political branch of government.112 (Emphases supplied; italics in the original) Similarly, in Alliance of Non-Life Insurance Workers of the Philippines v. Hon. Mendoza,113 this Court emphasized that constitutional issues raised in a case will not be passed upon "when it is not the lis mota. More so, when it can be resolved on some other ground."114 Here, this Court deems it proper to refrain from deciding on the constitutionality of Section 3(a) of R.A. No. 8371 and its counterpart provision in Section 1, Part II, Rule III of its IRR, as the grounds of non-observance of the doctrine of hierarchy of courts, and the absence of legal standing are enough reasons to dismiss the petition. In view of the foregoing limitations, there is no reason for this Court to take cognizance of the present petition. WHEREFORE, the Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition with prayer for the issuance of a temporary restraining order under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court filed by petitioner Anita Santos against respondents Atty. Kissack B. Gabaen, Ricardo D. Sanga, and the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Department of Environment and Natural Resources is DISMISSED. SO ORDERED. Gesmundo, C.J., Leonen, Caguioa, Hernando, Lazaro-Javier, Inting, Zalameda, M. Lopez, Gaerlan, Rosario, Marquez, and Kho, Jr., JJ., concur. Perlas-Bernabe, J., on official leave. Dimaampao, J., on official business but voted. Footnotes 1 Rollo, pp. 3-58. 2 Penned by NCIP Regional Hearing Officer Kissack B. Gabaen; id. at 68-69. 3 Id. at 72-79. 4 Id. at 65. 5 Id. at 60. 6 Id. at 65. 7 SECTION 59. Certification Precondition. - All departments and other governmental agencies shall henceforth be strictly enjoined from issuing, renewing, or granting any concession, license or lease, or entering into any production-sharing agreement, without prior certification from the NCIP that the area affected does not overlap with any ancestral domain. Such certification shall only be issued after a field-based investigation is conducted by the Ancestral Domains Office of the area concerned: Provided, That no certification shall be issued by the NCIP without the free and prior informed and written consent of ICCs/IPs concerned: Provided, further, That no department, government agency or government-owned or -controlled corporation may issue new concession, license, lease, or production sharing agreement while there is a pending application for a CADT: Provided, finally, That the ICCs/IPs shall have the right to stop or suspend, in accordance with this Act, any project that has not satisfied the requirement of this consultation process. (Emphasis supplied) 8 Otherwise known as the "Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997". 9 Rollo, p. 60. 10 Id. 11 Id. 12 Id. at 59-63. 13 Id. at 60. 14 Id. at 81-83. 15 Id. at 128-130. 16 Id. at 131-136. 17 Id. at 132. 18 Id. at 133. 19 Id. at 134. 20 Id. at 147. 21 Id. at 70-71. 22 Id. 23 Id. at 155. 24 Id. at 260. 25 Id. 26 Id. at 460. 27 Id. at 261, 460. 28 Id. at 67. 29 Id. at 23. 30 Id. at 387. 31 Id. at 68-69. 32 Id. at 68. 33 Id. 34 Id. at 72-79. 35 Id. at 76-78. 36 Id. at 72-79. 37 Id. at 75. 38 Id. at 262. 39 Id. at 3-54. 40 Id. at 262. 41 Id. at 159. 42 Id. at 161. 43 Id. 44 Id. at 162-165. 45 Id. at 169-170. 46 Id. at 3-54. 47 SECTION 3. Definition of Terms. - For purposes of this Act, the following terms shall mean: a) Ancestral Domains - Subject to Section 56 hereof, refer to all areas generally belonging to ICCs/IPs comprising lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources therein, held under a claim of ownership, occupied or possessed by ICCs/IPs, by themselves or through their ancestors, communally or individually since time immemorial, continuously to the present except when interrupted by war, force majeure or displacement by force, deceit, stealth or as a consequence of government projects or any other voluntary dealings entered into by government and private individuals/corporations, and which are necessary to ensure their economic, social and cultural welfare. It shall include ancestral lands, forests, pasture, residential, agricultural, and other lands individually owned whether alienable and disposable or otherwise, hunting grounds, burial grounds, worship areas, bodies of water, mineral and other natural resources, and lands which may no longer be exclusively occupied by ICCs/IPs but from which they traditionally had access to for their subsistence and traditional activities, particularly the home ranges of ICCs/IPs who are still nomadic and/or shifting cultivators; x x x x 48 SECTION 1. Rights of Ownership. - ICCs/IPs have rights of ownership over lands, waters, and natural resources and all improvements made by them at any time within the ancestral domains/lands. These rights shall include, but not limited to, the right over the fruits, the right to possess, the right to use, right to consume, right to exclude and right to recover ownership, and Page 6 the rights or interests over land and natural resources. The right to recover shall be particularly applied to lands lost through fraud or any form of vitiated consent or transferred for an unconscionable price. 49 Rollo, pp. 52-54. 50 Id. at 200-246. 51 Id. at 209-212. 52 Id. at 212-214. 53 Id. at 214-217; SECTION 69. Quasi-Judicial Powers of the NCIP. - The NCIP shall have the power and authority: x x x x d) To enjoin any or all acts involving or arising from any case pending before it which, if not restrained forthwith, may cause grave or irreparable damage to any of the parties to the case or seriously affect social or economic activity. 54 Id. at 217-219. 55 Id. at 219-239. 56 Id. at 239-244. 57 Id. at 264-267. 58 Id. at 267-270. 59 Id. at 270-271. 60 Id. at 271-272. 61 Id. at 272-274. 62 Id. at 324-339. 63 Id. at 325-326. 64 Id. at 326-328. 65 Id. at 328. 66 Id. at 328-331. 67 Id. at 332-334. 68 Id. at 603-619. 69 Id. at 605-610. 70 Id. at 610-613. 71 Id. at 613-616. 72 Section 1, Rule 65 of the Rules of Court. 73 Section 2, Rule 65 of the Rules of Court. 74 Section 39, R.A. No. 8371. 75 Section 22, Article II of the 1987 Constitution states: SECTION 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development. 76 Section 5, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution states: SECTION 5. The State, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national development policies and programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being. The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing property rights or relations in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domain. 77 Section 6, Article XIII of the 1987 Constitution states: SECTION 6. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or concession suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands. The State may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them in the manner provided by law. 78 597 Phil. 668 (2009). 79 Id. at 674. 80 Section 66, R.A. No. 8371. 81 Section 5, Rule III of the NCIP Administrative Circular No. 1, Series of 2003. 82 Paragraph (n), Section 44, R.A. No. 8371. 83 771 Phil. 536 (2015). 84 Id. at 568, 569. 85 G.R. No. 217158, March 12, 2019, 896 SCRA 213. 86 Id. at 227. 87 Provincial Bus Operators Association of the Philippines v. Department of Labor and Employment, 836 Phil. 205, 238-239 (2018). 88 751 Phil. 301 (2015). 89 Id. at 331-335. 90 Rollo, p. 11. 91 Id. 92 G.R. No. 212607, March 27, 2019, 898 SCRA 581. 93 Id. at 589. 94 Id. 95 Calleja v. Executive Secretary, G.R. Nos. 252578, 252579, 252580, 252585, 252613, 252623, 252624, 252646, 252702, 252726, 252733, 252736, 252741, 252747, 252755, 252759, 252765, 252767, 252768, UDK 16663, G.R. Nos. 252802, 252809, 252903, 252904, 252905, 252916, 252921, 252984, 253018, 253100, 253118, 253124, 253242, 253252, 253254, 254191 & 253420, December 7, 2021, citing Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, 395 Phil. 546, 562 (1994). 96 Id., citing Ocampo v. Rear Admiral Enriquez, 798 Phil. 227, 288 (2016). 97 Id., citing Falcis III v. Civil Registrar General, G.R. No. 217910, September 3, 2019, 917 SCRA 197. 98 Id., citing Association of Medical Clinics for Overseas Workers, Inc. (AMCOW) v. GCC Approved Medical Centers Association, Inc., 802 Phil. 116 (2016). 99 Falcis III v. Civil Registrar General, G.R. No. 217910, September 3, 2019, 917 SCRA 197. 100 Id. 101 Id. 102 While Light Corporation v. City of Manila, 596 Phil. 444, 455 (2009). 103 Falcis III v. Civil Registrar General, supra note 99, citing Provincial Bus Operators Association of the Philippines v. Department of Labor and Employment, 836 Phil. 205, 239-240 (2018). 104 Falcis III v. Civil Registrar General, supra note 99. 105 Id., citing Provincial Bus Operators Association of the Philippines v. Department of Labor and Employment, supra note 87 at 250. 106 Id. at 250-251. 107 G.R. No. 206159, August 26, 2020. 108 G.R. No. 252187 (Resolution), June 30, 2020. 109 Id. 110 Rollo, pp. 210-212. 111 G.R. No. 199582, July 7, 2020. 112 Id. 113 Supra note 107. 114 Id. The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation