SECOND DIVISION
[ G.R. No. 231980, October 09, 2019 ]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, V. ELIZALDE DIAMANTE Y JEREZA AND ELEUDORO CEDULLO III Y GAVINO, ACCUSED-APPELLANTS.
D E C I S I O N
LAZARO-JAVIER, J.:
THE CASE
This appeal assails the Decision1 dated February 9, 2017 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 01171-MIN affirming the verdict of conviction of appellants Elizalde Diamante and Eleudoro Cedullo III for violation of Section 5, Article II of Republic Act (RA 9165) and imposing on them the corresponding penalties.
THE PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE TRIAL COURT
THE CHARGE
By Information dated April 8, 2010, appellants were charged with violation of Section 5, Article II of RA 9165, viz:
That on or about 5:00 o'clock in the afternoon of April 6, 2010, at Barangay New Isabela, Tacurong City, Province of Sultan Kudarat, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the said accused, not being authorized by law, in conspiracy with one another, did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously sell and deliver to IO1 Michelle P. Andrade one (1) sachet weighing more or less zero point one (0.1000) gram of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride commonly known as Shabu, a dangerous drug.
CONTRARY TO LAW.2
The case was raffled to the Regional Trial Court (RTC)-Branch 20, Tacurong City.
On arraignment, appellants pleaded not guilty.3 Trial proper ensued.
The Prosecution's Version
The testimonies of Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) Agents Vincent Quilinderino, Michelle Andrade, and Forensic Chemist Lily Grace Mapa Ladeo may be summarized, in this wise:
On April 6, 2010, around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, PDEA Agent Noel Porras briefed Agent Michelle Andrade, Agent Vincent Quilinderino, and Agents Albariño, Arapoc, Calonia, and Manlaut on the intended buy-bust operation on a certain Zaldy. Agent Andrade was to act as poseur buyer, Agent Quilinderino, as arresting officer, and the rest as back up. Agent Porras gave Agent Andrade P500.00 bill as buy-bust money which the latter marked with her initials "MPA."4
The team went to their safe house in Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat while Agent Porras fetched the confidential informant. Appellants Elizalde Diamante and Eleudoro Cedullo III agreed to meet the confidential informant in front of Julson Bakeshop along the national highway of Tacurong City. Agent Andrade and the confidential informant went to the meeting place on board a motorcycle while the rest of the team followed. Soon after, appellants arrived and talked to the confidential informant. The latter introduced Agent Andrade as his friend who wanted to buy shabu. Appellant Diamante asked Agent Andrade how much she wanted to buy. The latter quipped: "P500.00 lang kuya." Diamante, however, cautioned Agent Andrade and the confidential informant that they should continue their transaction in a safer place. Thus, appellants, Agent Andrade, and the confidential informant rode off towards a house, around 200 meters away. The rest of the team followed on board their vehicles.5
Diamante invited Agent Andrade and the confidential informant inside the house where he handed Agent Andrade a plastic sachet containing white crystalline substance. The latter gave the buy-bust money to Diamante who, in turn, handed it to appellant Cedullo III. Diamante advised Agent Andrade that she can already use it inside the house. At this point, Agent Andrade called and informed Agent Porras that the transaction had been consummated.6
When the rest of the team had closed in, appellants attempted to flee. Agent Quilinderino caught Diamante while Agent Porras caught Cedullo III. The PDEA agents introduced themselves and informed appellants of their constitutional rights. Agent Quilinderino frisked appellants and recovered the buy-bust money from Cedullo III. Agent Quilinderino also saw drug paraphernalia on top of the table, i.e. six (6) pieces of plastic sachets containing white crystalline substance, two (2) foil strips, two (2) improvised bamboo sealer, and improvised lighter, which he confiscated and marked. Agent Andrade, on the other hand, marked the plastic sachet she got from Diamante with "MPA-04-06-10" and gave it to Agent Quilinderino who prepared the inventory. Barangay Kagawad Jonathan Zerrudo signed the inventory of evidence while Agent Arapoc took pictures.7
The team took the confiscated items and appellants to Tacurong City police station to have the incident blottered. Thereafter, the team went to the Punto Daily News office to show the confiscated items to media representative Richard Basilio. From there, the team proceeded to the Regional Office, Camp Fermin G. Lira, General Santos City where a request for examination was prepared.8
Agents Quilinderino and Andrade brought the specimen and the request for its examination to the crime laboratory. These were received by PO2 Sotero Tauro, Jr. who turned it over to forensic chemist Lily Grace Mapa Ladeo.9
Per Chemistry Report No. D-064-2010, the specimen yielded positive for methamphetamine hydrochloride, a dangerous drug.10
The prosecution presented the following evidence: Affidavit of Apprehension,11 Affidavit of Poseur Buyer,12 Request for Laboratory Examination,13 Chemistry Report No. D-064-2010,14 Inventory of Evidence/Property,15 photographs taken during the marking and inventory of the seized items,16 Chain of Custody Form,17 Photocopy of the buy-bust money,18 Photographs of appellants,19 and Affidavit of Justification.20
The Defense's Version
Appellants testified that in the afternoon of April 6, 2010, they were both in the billiard hall in Barangay New Isabela, Tacurong City when Paul Maido invited them to a drinking spree. Appellants agreed and went with Maido to Romeo Navarra's house. Appellant Cedullo III, however, left for a brief moment to go home and feed his chickens. When he joined Diamante and Paul Maido at Navarra's house, armed men suddenly barged in and ordered them to remove their shirts and to lie face down on the floor. They were handcuffed and frisked. The men took the motorcycle key from Cedullo III. A woman then arrived holding a sachet. She said she bought the shabu from them. Thereafter, they were brought to the police station where they learned that Paul Maido was the real target but they were arrested instead as "palit ulo."21
Romeo Kleint Navarra, son of Romeo Navarra corroborated appellants' testimony that nothing was recovered from them when they got frisked.22
THE TRIAL COURT'S RULING
By Decision dated April 18, 2013, the trial court rendered a verdict of conviction, viz:
WHEREFORE, upon all the foregoing considerations, the court finds the guilt of accused Elizalde Diamante y Jereza and Eleudoro Cedullo III y Gavino to the crime of Violation of Section 5, Article II of RA 9165 beyond reasonable doubt and hereby sentences them to suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and to pay a fine of one million pesos (P1,000,000.00) each.
IT IS SO ORDERED.23
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The trial court gave full credence to the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses who were PDEA agents performing their official functions. The trial court found the chain of custody to have been duly established and, thus, rejected appellants' denial and frame up.
THE PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COURT OF APPEALS
On appeal, appellants faulted the trial court when it overlooked the following alleged omissions in the buy-bust operation: the supposed plastic sachet containing shabu was not among those inventoried or photographed, there was no representative from the Department of Justice (DOJ) during the inventory; on the other hand, the barangay kagawad and the media representative only came after the inventory; and, the person who received the confiscated shabu from the crime laboratory was not presented in court. Appellant also faulted the trial court when it gave credence to the inconsistent testimonies of the prosecution witnesses pertaining to who frisked appellants and who recovered the buy-bust money.
For its part, the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), through Assistant Solicitor General Anna Esperanza R. Solomon and Associate Solicitor Erika Frances S. Buluran-Monzon countered in the main: 1) the elements of illegal sale of drugs were all proven; 2) there was substantial compliance with the chain of custody rule; 3) the presumption of regularity in the performance of the agents' official functions prevails over appellants' bare denial and frame up; and, 4) inconsistencies pertaining to who frisked appellants and who recovered the buy-bust money were irrelevant to the essential elements of the crime charged.24
THE COURT OF APPEALS' RULING
By Decision dated February 9, 2017, the Court, of Appeals affirmed. It found that the buy-bust team faithfully complied with the chain of custody rule. It was established that the seized dangerous drug was the same one recovered from appellants, submitted to the crime laboratory for testing, and subsequently, presented in court as evidence. It also gave credence to the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses who as PDEA agents were presumed to have regularly performed their official functions.
THE PRESENT APPEAL
Appellants now seek affirmative relief from the Court and plead anew for acquittal. In compliance with the Court's Resolution dated March 12, 2018, appellants filed their Supplemental Brief reiterating their arguments before the Court of Appeals.25
On the other hand, the OSG manifested that in lieu of supplemental brief, it was adopting its appellee's brief before the Court of Appeals.26
THE CORE ISSUE
Was the chain of custody complied with?
RULING
We acquit.
Appellants were charged with violation of Section 5, Art. II of RA 9165 (illegal sale of dangerous drugs) allegedly committed on April 6, 2010. The applicable law is RA 9165 before its amendment in 2014.
In cases involving violations of RA 9165, the corpus delicti refers to the drug itself. It is, therefore, the duty of the prosecution to prove that the drugs seized from the accused were the same items presented in court.27
Section 21 of RA 9165 lays down the procedure in handling the dangerous drugs starting from their seizure until they are finally presented as evidence in court. This makes up the chain of custody rule.
Section 21, paragraph 1 of RA 9165 reads:
Section 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment. - The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated, seized and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:
(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof. (Emphasis added)
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The Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 9165, on the other hand, relevantly ordains:
Section 21. (a) The apprehending officer/team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof: Provided, that the physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at the place where the search warrant is served; or at the nearest police station or at the nearest office of the apprehending officer/team, whichever is practicable, in case of warrantless seizures; Provided, further, that non-compliance with these requirements under justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending officer/team, shall not render void and invalid such seizures of and custody over said items. (Emphases added)
xxx xxx xxx
Based on these provisions, the chain of custody rule consists of four (4) connecting links:
One. The seizure and marking of the illegal drug recovered from the accused by the apprehending officer;
Two. The turnover of the illegal drug seized by the apprehending officer to the investigating officer;
Three. The turnover by the investigating officer of the illegal drug to the forensic chemist for laboratory examination; and
Four. The turnover and submission of the marked illegal drug seized by the forensic chemist to the court.28
Here, the prosecution failed to establish an unbroken chain of custody.
First, while marking of the seized drug was done immediately after seizure at the place of arrest, the physical inventory and taking of photograph thereof were not done in the presence of a media representative and a representative from the Department of Justice (DOJ).
Agent Quilinderino testified:
Q: And after the two (2) males were arrested, what did you do then?
A: The team leader called the barangay Kagawad, sir.
Q: And who was the barangay kagawad that was called by your team leader?
A: It was barangay Kagawad Jonathan Zerrudo, sir.
Q: Did barangay Kagawad Jonathan Zerrudo arrive in that area?
A: Yes, sir.29
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Q: After your group arrested Elizalde Diamante and Eleudoro Cedullo III, where did your group bring them?
A: We brought them to the Tacurong City Police Station, sir.
Q: For what purpose?
A: For blotter, sir.
Q: After that where did you proceed?
A: We proceeded to our Regional Office in Camp Fermin G. Lira, General Santos City, sir.
Q: How about the two (2) accused, did you bring them with you?
A: We brought them with us, sir.
Q: In General Santos City?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: In the inventory which you were (sic) identified and marked as Exhibit "E", what happened to these items mentioned in this inventory when you reached your office in General Santos City?
A: We presented them to the media representative for inventory, sir.
Q: Who were the media representatives?
A: Richard Basilio of Punto Daily News, sir.30
xxx xxx xxx
Q: You have another affidavit which is an affidavit of justification marked as Exhibit "F" of the court record. You were the one who prepared this affidavit of justification?
A: Yes sir.
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Q: And why (do) you have to execute an affidavit of justification?
A: Because in Sultan Kudarat there has (sic) no representative from the DOJ to witness the inventory, sir.31
xxx xxx xxx
Agent Quilinderino admitted that only the barangay kagawad witnessed the inventory of the seized items. After stopping by the police station, the buy-bust team proceeded to Punto Daily News Office and showed the seized items and their inventory to media representative Richard Basilio for his signature.
The prosecution did not explain why the buy-bust team had to bring the confiscated drug all the way to another place, i.e. Punto Daily News Office, just to have the inventory signed by a media representative when it could have been easily done right where the drug was confiscated and appellants were arrested. Transporting the drug all the way from the place of arrest to the media office rendered the seized drug susceptible to tampering or switching.
To be sure, what is required by Section 21 of RA 9165 and Section 21 (a) of its Implementing Rules and Regulations is the physical presence of the witnesses during the actual inventory and taking of photograph, and not post facto.
Even arguing that there was no available DOJ representative in the area, the same still did not cure the defect that only the barangay kagawad witnessed the inventory.
In People v. Cabezudo, the Court found, among other things, that the arresting officers miserably failed to comply with the chain of custody rule because two (2) of the three (3) required witnesses were not present during the actual inventory and photograph of the seized items but rather were only called-in to sign after the inventory receipt was already completed.32
Second, what happened to the confiscated drug after Agent Quilinderino delivered it to the crime laboratory? The prosecution was likewise silent on this point.
We note that a certain PO2 Sotero Tauro, Jr. received the specimen from Agent Quilinderino and later turned it over to the forensic chemist for examination. There was, however, a break in the chain of custody of the seized drugs because PO2 Tauro, Jr. who handled the specimen was not presented as witness.
In People v. Burdeos, the prosecution failed to show how the specimen was handled while under the custody of the officer who received it and how the same was subsequently turned over to the forensic chemist who conducted the examination. The Court, thus, declared that such glaring gap in the chain of custody tainted the integrity of the corpus delicti.33
Third, the last remaining link refers to how the seized item was stored in the crime laboratory pending its delivery to the court for presentation as evidence. The records are again wanting of any details regarding the custody of the seized drug during the interim - from the time it was turned over to the laboratory up to its presentation in court. There was, therefore, no certainty that the integrity of the corpus delicti was properly preserved.34
In People v. Baltazar, the accused was acquitted of illegal sale of dangerous drugs because the records are bereft of any evidence as to how the illegal drugs were brought to court. There was no showing how the alleged seized item was stored after it was examined by the forensic chemist, who handled the specimen after examination, and where the same was kept until it was retrieved and presented in court.35
Indeed, the repeated breach of the chain of custody rule here is a fatal flaw which had destroyed the integrity and evidentiary value of the corpus delicti.
We keenly note that under various field conditions, compliance with the requirements under Section 21 of RA 9165 may not always be possible. Thus, the Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 9165 offers a saving clause allowing leniency whenever justifiable grounds exist which warrant deviation from established protocol so long as the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved,36 viz:
Section 21. (a) x x x Provided, further, that non-compliance with these requirements under justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending officer/team, shall not render void and invalid such seizures of and custody over said items.
On this score, People v. Jugo specified the twin conditions for the saving clause to apply:
[F]or the above-saving clause to apply, the prosecution must explain the reasons behind the procedural lapses, and that the integrity and value of the seized evidence had nonetheless been preserved. Moreover, the justifiable ground for non-compliance must be proven as a fact, because the Court cannot presume what these grounds are or that they even exist.37
Both Agent Quilinderino and Agent Andrade failed to offer any explanation which would have excused the buy-bust team's stark failure to comply with the chain of custody rule. In other words, the condition for the saving clause to become operational itself was not complied with. For the same reason, the proviso "so long as the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved," will neither come into play.
Consequently, in light of the prosecution's failure to provide justifiable grounds for non-compliance with the chain of custody rule, appellant's acquittal is in order. People v. Crispo is apropos:
Since compliance with the procedure is determinative of the integrity and evidentiary value of the corpus delicti and ultimately, the fate of the liberty of the accused, the fact that any issue regarding the same was not raised, or even threshed out in the court/s below, would not preclude the appellate court, including this Court, from fully examining the records of the case if only to ascertain whether the procedure had been completely complied with, and if not, whether justifiable reasons exist to excuse any deviation. If no such reasons exist, then it is the appellate court's bounden duty to acquit the accused, and perforce, overturn a conviction.38
Suffice it to state that a presumption of regularity in the performance of official duty applies when nothing in the records suggests that the law enforcers deviated from the standard conduct of official duty required by law. It cannot substitute for compliance and mend the broken links. For it is a mere disputable presumption which cannot prevail over the clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.39 Here, the presumption was amply overturned by compelling evidence on record of the repeated breach of the chain of custody rule.
ACCORDINGLY, the appeal is GRANTED. The Decision dated February 9, 2017 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 01171-MIN is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Appellants Elizalde Diamante and Eleudoro Cedullo III are ACQUITTED in Criminal Case No. 3230-T. The Superintendent of the Davao Prison and Penal Farm, B.E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte is ordered to a) immediately release Elizalde Diamante and Eleudoro Cedullo III from custody unless they are being held for some other lawful cause; and b) submit his or her report on the action taken within five (5) days from notice. Let an entry of final judgment be issued immediately.
SO ORDERED.
Carpio (Chairperson), Caguioa, J. Reyes, Jr., and Zalameda, JJ., concur.
Footnotes
1 Penned by Associate Justice Ronaldo B. Martin, concurred in by Associate Justice Romulo V. Borja and Associate Justice Oscar V. Badelles, rollo, pp. 3-14.
2 Record, p. 1.
3 Record, pp. 17-18.
4 TSN dated August 25, 2010, pp. 5-6; TSN dated October 18, 2010, pp. 5-6.
5 TSN dated August 25, 2010, pp. 7-13; TSN dated October 18, 2010, pp. 6-10.
6 TSN dated August 25, 2010, pp. 17-19; TSN dated October 18, 2010, pp. 10-11.
7 TSN dated August 25, 2010, pp. 20-27; TSN dated October 18, 2010, pp. 11-12.
8 TSN dated September 22, 2010, pp. 4-5; TSN dated October 18, 2010, pp. 12-13.
9 TSN dated September 22, 2010, pp. 5-6.
10 Record, p. 175.
11 Record, pp. 168-170.
12 Record, pp. 171-173.
13 Record, p. 174.
14 Record, p. 175.
15 Record, p. 176.
16 Record, pp. 177-178.
17 Record, pp. 179-180.
18 Record, p. 181.
19 Record, pp. 7-8.
20 Record, p. 9.
21 TSN dated December 6, 2010, pp. 2-12; TSN dated May 2, 2011, pp. 4-9.
22 TSN dated May 31, 2011, pp. 2-10.
23 CA rollo, p. 51.
24 CA rollo, pp. 155-182.
25 Supplemental Brief dated August 17, 2018, Rollo, unnumbered pleading.
26 Rollo, pp. 24-27.
27 People v. Ismael, 806 Phil. 21, 29 (2017).
28 See People v. Gayoso, 808 Phil. 19, 31 (2017).
29 TSN August 25, 2010, p. 22
30 TSN dated September 22, 2010, pp. 4-5.
31 TSN dated September 22, 2010, p. 15.
32 G.R. No. 232357, November 28, 2018.
33 G.R. No. 218434, July 17, 2019.
34 People v. Siaton, 789 Phil. 87, 107 (2016).
35 G.R. No. 229037, July 29, 2019.
36 See Section 21 (a), Article II, of the IRR of RA 9165.
37 G.R. No. 231792, January 29, 2018.
38 G.R. No. 230065, March 14, 2018.
39 People v. Cabiles, 810 Phil. 969, 976 (2017).
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