Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
FIRST DIVISION
G.R. No. 174937 June 13, 2012
JOVINA DABON VDA. DE MENDEZ, Petitioner,
vs.
COURT OF APPEALS and SPOUSES MINEO and TRINIDAD B. DABON, Respondents.
D E C I S I O N
DEL CASTILLO, J.:
"[C]ertiorari is not a substitute for a lost appeal x x x."1
This Petition for Certiorari2 under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court assails the Decision3 dated May 8, 2006 and the Resolution4 dated September 12, 2006 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 76612.
Factual Antecedents
On June 19, 1995, petitioner Jovina Dabon Vda. De Mendez filed a Complaint5 for Nullity of Deed of Sale, Transfer Certificate of Title, Tax Declaration and other relevant documents, and Reconveyance of property with damages, docketed as Civil Case No. MAN-2445, against respondent-spouses Mineo and Trinidad Dabon before the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Mandaue City, Branch 56.
Petitioner, in her complaint, alleged that she is the registered owner of a paraphernal property situated in Barangay Ibabao, Mandaue City, containing an area of 174 square meters, covered by Transfer Certificate of Title No. 9408;6 that she never sold the subject property to respondent-spouses;7 and that her signature in the Deed of Absolute Sale8 dated July 15, 1982 was forged.9 Petitioner further claimed that sometime in 1982, due to financial difficulties and the illness of her youngest son, she mortgaged her property to Banco Cebuano to secure a ₱20,000.00 loan.10 When her property was about to be foreclosed by the bank, she borrowed ₱20,000.00 from her first cousin, respondent Mineo.11 Respondent Mineo agreed and a few days later asked his sister, Gloria Singson (Gloria), to deliver the money to the bank.12 After paying the bank, Gloria went to petitioner’s house and asked her to sign some papers, including a receipt confirming the loan.13 Later, petitioner’s eldest daughter went to respondent Mineo to pay the ₱20,000.00 loan.14 He, however, refused to accept the same, demanding instead ₱50,000.00.15
Respondent-spouses filed their Answer,16 contending that there was a valid sale as evidenced by the Deed of Absolute Sale signed by petitioner on July 15, 1982 before Notary Public Bienvenido N. Mabanto, Jr. (Notary Public Mabanto).17 They narrated that after petitioner signed the Deed of Absolute Sale, they paid the amount of ₱20,000.00 to the bank in order to prevent the foreclosure of the subject property;18 and that since then, they have been paying the taxes for the said property.19
During trial, petitioner presented the testimony of Romeo Varona, a Document Examiner of the Philippine National Police (PNP) Crime Laboratory Service, who affirmed that petitioner’s signature in the Deed of Absolute Sale dated July 15, 1982 is a forgery.20 To refute this, respondent Mineo, in addition to his testimony, offered the testimonies of Gloria, who was a witness to the execution of the Deed of Absolute Sale, and Notary Public Mabanto before whom the deed was acknowledged.21
Ruling of the Regional Trial Court
On July 31, 2002, the RTC rendered a Decision22 in favor of respondent- spouses. It ruled that petitioner’s cause of action had prescribed since an action for reconveyance of a parcel of land based on implied or constructive trust prescribes in 10 years.23 As to the issue of forgery, the RTC gave more credence to the testimony of Notary Public Mabanto, who stated under oath that petitioner appeared before him to affirm the execution of the Deed of Absolute Sale, than that of petitioner’s expert witness, who found the signature in the Deed of Absolute Sale to be a forgery.24 The RTC disregarded the finding of the expert witness because it was based merely on conjectures and observations.25 It pointed out that during the hearing, the expert witness admitted that a person’s signature varies according to his position when affixing the same.26 Thus, the RTC decreed:
Foregoing considered[,] the Court rules in favor of Defendant[s] both [on] grounds of Prescription and its findings that the Deed of Absolute Sale was duly executed.
SO ORDERED.27
Ruling of the Court of Appeals
Both parties appealed the Decision.
On May 8, 2006, the CA denied both appeals. Not only did the CA agree with the RTC that there was no forgery,28 but it also ruled that petitioner failed to overcome the presumption of authenticity and due execution of the notarized Deed of Absolute Sale.29 With regard to respondent-spouses’ appeal, the CA found them not entitled to moral and exemplary damages as well as attorney’s fees considering that the same were never discussed by the RTC.30 Thus, the CA disposed:
WHEREFORE, prescinding from all the foregoing, both appeals are DENIED. The decision dated July 31, 2002 of the court a quo in Civil Case no. Man-2445 is AFFIRMED.
Costs against plaintiff-appellant.
SO ORDERED.31
Petitioner moved for reconsideration, which was denied by the CA in a Resolution32 dated September 12, 2006.
Issues
Hence, this petition raising the following issues:
WHETHER RESPONDENT [CA], IN DENYING PETITIONER’S APPEAL AND AFFIRMING THE DECISION OF THE TRIAL COURT AND LIKEWISE IN DENYING PETITIONER’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION OF THE SAID DECISION, COMMITTED GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OF JURISDICTION, OR IN EXCESS THEREOF:
1. IN NOT PASSING UPON PETITIONER’S FIRST ASSIGNED ERROR IN HER APPEAL THAT PETITIONER’S ACTION HAD NOT PRESCRIBED IN LIGHT OF PRIVATE RESPONDENT’S ADMISSION THAT PETITIONER HAS BEEN IN ACTUAL, CONTINUOUS AND PEACEFUL POSSESSION OF THE PROPERTY AND PAYING TAXES THEREFOR UP TO THE PRESENT THEREBY TOTALLY DISREGARDING RELEVANT LAW[S] AND JURISPRUDENCE;
2. IN AFFIRMING THE DECISION OF THE TRIAL COURT THAT THE QUESTIONED DEED OF ABSOLUTE SALE WAS DULY EXECUTED DESPITE THE OVERWHELMING AND ABUNDANT EXPERT EVIDENCE CLEARLY PROVING THAT THE ALLEGED SIGNATURE OF PETITIONER THEREON IS A FORGERY, THEREBY DISREGARDING RELEVANT LAWS AND JURISPRUDENCE;
3. IN NOT RULING THAT AN IMPLIED TRUST WAS CREATED ARISING FROM THE FRAUDULENT PURCHASE OF THE PROPERTY THEREBY DISREGARDING RELEVANT LAWS AND JURISPRUDENCE;
4. IN HOLDING THAT PETITIONER DID NOT REBUT THE NOTARY PUBLIC’S TESTIMONY CONCERNING THE QUESTIONED DEED OF SALE;
5. FINALLY, IN DENYING PETITIONER’S APPEAL AND IN AFFIRMING THE DECISION OF THE TRIAL COURT IN FAVOR OF PRIVATE RESPONDENTS.33
Petitioner’s Arguments
Petitioner claims that she is the absolute and lawful owner of the subject property, which she inherited from her father.34 She insists that she has been in actual, continuous, and peaceful possession of the same and has been paying taxes thereon.35 Thus, being in possession of the subject property, her action to recover title and possession of the same is imprescriptible.36 Petitioner further claims that she did not sell her property to respondent Mineo but only borrowed money from him.37 She contends that the CA erred in disregarding the testimony of the expert witness, who found her signature in the Deed of Absolute Sale to be a forgery,38 and in relying on the self-serving statements of the notary public who, as expected, would affirm the genuineness of the disputed Deed of Absolute Sale so as not to incriminate himself.39
Respondent-spouses’ Arguments
Respondent-spouses, on the other hand, pray for the outright dismissal of the instant petition on the ground that petitioner, in filing a petition under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, availed of the wrong remedy.40 Petitioner should have filed a petition under Rule 45 within 15 days from notice of the denial of her motion for reconsideration with the CA.41 In any case, respondent-spouses maintain that there was a valid sale between the parties.42
Our Ruling
The petition must fail.
Petitioner availed of the wrong remedy
Under the Rules of Court, the proper remedy of a party aggrieved by a judgment, final order, or resolution of the CA is to file with the Supreme Court a verified petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 within 15 days from notice of the judgment, final order, or resolution appealed from.43
Obviously, petitioner, in filing a petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, availed of the wrong remedy.
Unlike a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45, which is a continuation of the appellate process over the original case, a special civil action for certiorari under Rule 65 is an original or independent action44 based on grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction.45 It will lie only if there is no appeal or any other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.46 As such, it cannot be a substitute for a lost appeal, especially if such loss or lapse was due to one’s own negligence or error in the choice of remedies.47
In this case, the remedy of appeal was available; thus, the filing of petition for certiorari was inapt. Petitioner should have filed a petition under Rule 45 within 15 days from receipt of the Resolution dated September 12, 2006, denying her motion for reconsideration.
While in certain cases we have considered petitions erroneously filed under Rule 65 as filed under Rule 45, we cannot do so in this case because the petition was filed beyond the 15-day reglementary period.48 Records show that petitioner filed her petition 33 days after receipt of the Resolution dated September 12, 2006.49
In contrast, although there are cases when certiorari may be allowed despite the availability of appeal, such as: "(a) when public welfare and the advancement of public policy dictates; (b) when the broader interest of justice so requires; (c) when the writs issued are null and void; and (d) when the questioned order amounts to an oppressive exercise of judicial authority,"50 no such persuasive reason exists in this case. And even if we were to consider this case as an exception, the petition must still fail as no grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or in excess of jurisdiction was committed by the CA in affirming the ruling of the RTC in favor of respondent-spouses. "Grave abuse of discretion" is defined as "the arbitrary or despotic exercise of power due to passion, prejudice or personal hostility; or the whimsical, arbitrary, or capricious exercise of power that amounts to an evasion or refusal to perform a positive duty enjoined by law or to act at all in contemplation of law."51
In fact, whether we treat the petition as an appeal or as a special civil action for certiorari, the petition must be dismissed as the core issue of whether petitioner’s signature in the Deed of Absolute Sale dated July 15, 1982 was forged, is a question of fact not allowed in both instances.52
A finding of forgery does not depend entirely on the testimony of handwriting experts
As we have often said, forgery is not presumed but must be proved by clear, positive and convincing evidence by the party alleging it.53 It is established by comparing the alleged forged signature with the genuine signatures.54 Considering the technical nature of the procedure in examining forged documents, handwriting experts are often offered as expert witnesses.55 But although their testimonies are useful, resort to these experts is not mandatory or indispensable because a finding of forgery does not depend entirely on their testimonies.56 Judges must also exercise independent judgment in determining the authenticity or genuineness of the signatures in question, and not rely merely on the testimonies of handwriting experts.57
In this case, both the RTC and the CA found that there was no forgery.1âwphi1 The RTC, in upholding the genuineness, authenticity and due execution of the Deed of Absolute Sale dated July 15, 1982, took into account the testimony of the expert witness who admitted that although the letter "J" in Exhibit "I-1" differs from the "J’s" in Exhibits "I-2" to "I-6," they are nevertheless similar;58 and that there is a possibility that the "J’s" in Exhibits "I-1" to "I-7" were done by one and the same person.59 In affirming the finding of the RTC, the CA noted that "there is a visible general resemblance between these signatures even if the standard signatures were executed 12 years later."60
More credence was also given by the RTC and the CA to the testimony of the notary public who personally saw petitioner sign the Deed of Absolute Sale. No doubt, direct evidence, such as the testimony of the notary public, outweighs the testimony of the expert witness, which, at best, is considered indirect or circumstantial evidence.61
As a final note, let it be emphasized that while the court has the power to relax procedural rules "for persuasive and weighty reasons," this does not mean that "[they] are to be belittled or dismissed simply because their non-observance may have prejudiced a party’s substantive rights."62 Just like any other rule, "[procedural rules] are required to be followed except for the most persuasive of reasons when they may be relaxed."63
WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby DISMISSED. The assailed Decision dated May 8, 2006 and the Resolution dated September 12, 2006 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 76612 are hereby AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
MARIANO C. DEL CASTILLO
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO*
Associate Justice
Acting Chairperson
LUCAS P. BERSAMIN
Associate Justice |
MARTIN S. VILLARAMA, JR.
Associate Justice |
ESTELA M. PERLAS-BERNABE**
Associate Justice
A T T E S T A T I O N
I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.
TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO
Associate Justice
Acting Chairperson
C E R T I F I C A T I O N
I certify that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court.
ANTONIO T. CARPIO
Senior Associate Justice
(Per Section 12, R.A. No. 296, The Judiciary Act of 1948, as amended)
Footnotes
* Per Special Order No. 1226 dated May 30, 2012.
** Per Special Order No. 1227 dated May 30, 2012.
1 Badillo v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 131903, June 26, 2008, 555 SCRA 435, 451.
2 Rollo, pp. 3-342 with Annexes "A" to "EE" inclusive.
3 Id. at 44-52; penned by Associate Justice Vicente L. Yap and concurred in by Associate Justices Arsenio J. Magpale and Apolinario D. Bruselas, Jr.
4 Id. at 66-67; penned by Associate Justice Arsenio J. Magpale and concurred in by Associate Justices Marlene Gonzales-Sison and Antonio L. Villamor.
5 Id. at 74-85.
6 Id. at 75.
7 Id. at 78.
8 Id. at 115.
9 Id. at 78-79.
10 Id. at 76.
11 Id. at 76-77.
12 Id. at 77.
13 Id.
14 Id.
15 Id.
16 Id. at 87-91.
17 Id. at 87.
18 Id. 87-88.
19 Id. at 88.
20 Id. at 216, 219-220.
21 Id. at 221-222.
22 Id. at 214-223; penned by Presiding Judge Augustine A. Vestil.
23 Id. at 222-223.
24 Id.
25 Id. at 222.
26 Id.
27 Id. at 223.
28 Id. at 47-50.
29 Id. at 47 and 49.
30 Id. at 50-51.
31 Id. at 51.
32 Id. at 66-67.
33 Id. at 388-389.
34 Id. at 391.
35 Id. at 390-392.
36 Id. at 392-395.
37 Id. at 407-411.
38 Id. at 395-400.
39 Id. at 406.
40 Id. at 426-431.
41 Id. at 422-423.
42 Id. at 431-433.
43 Romullo v. Samahang Magkakapitbahay ng Bayanihan Compound Homeowners Association, Inc., G.R. No. 180687, October 6, 2010, 632 SCRA 411, 418.
44 Chua v. Santos, 483 Phil. 392, 400 (2004).
45 Beluso v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 180711, June 22, 2010, 621 SCRA 450, 456.
46 Id.
47 Teh v. Tan, G.R. No. 181956, November 22, 2010, 635 SCRA 593, 604.
48 Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Company Ltd. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 167938, February 19, 2009, 580 SCRA 1, 10.
49 Petitioner received the Resolution dated September 12, 2006 on September 22, 2006, and filed her Petition for Certiorari with the Supreme Court on October 25, 2006.
50 Chua v. Santos, supra note 44 at 402.
51 Beluso v. Commission on Elections, supra note 45.
52 Viaje v. Pamintel, 515 Phil. 398, 406 (2006); and Hanjin Engineering and Construction Co. Ltd./Nam Hyum Kim v. Court of Appeals, 521 Phil. 224, 245 (2006).
53 Bautista v. Court of Appeals, 479 Phil. 787, 793 (2004).
54 Heirs of Severa P. Gregorio v. Court of Appeals, 360 Phil. 753,763 (1998).
55 Id.
56 Id. at 763-764.
57 Bautista v. Court of Appeals, supra note 53.
58 Rollo, p. 220.
59 Id.
60 Id. at 48.
61 Bautista v. Court of Appeals, supra note 53 at 793-794.
62 Athena Computers, Inc. v. Reyes, G.R. No. 156905, September 5, 2007, 532 SCRA 343, 351.
63 Id.
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