EN BANC
A.M. No. MTJ-04-1521 July 27, 2004
ROMEO B. ALMOJUELA, JR., complainant,
vs.
JUDGE REVELINO M. RINGOR and AMALIA L. DIRECTO, Clerk of Court, Municipal Trial Court, Balaoan, La Union, respondents.
D E C I S I O N
YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.:
In a sworn complaint1 dated November 12, 2003, Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr. charged Judge Revelino M. Ringor, Acting Presiding Judge, Municipal Trial Court, Balaoan, La Union with Grave Misconduct, Gross Ignorance of the Law, Dishonesty and Violation of Judicial Ethics, as well as his Clerk of Court, Amalia L. Directo, with Grave Misconduct and Dishonesty.
Complainant is one of the accused in Criminal Cases Nos. 4941, 4942 and 4943, all pending before respondent Judge.2 He alleges that on November 12, 2002, the private offended party, Belinda Enriquez, executed a waiver3 exculpating him from the charges. Thus, on January 2, 2003, complainant filed an Omnibus Motion in Criminal Case No. 4941 praying, among others, for the quashal of the complaint.4
At the hearing of the Omnibus Motion on January 8, 2003, neither the Chief of Police of Balaoan, La Union who filed the Criminal Complaints, nor Belinda Enriquez appeared to oppose the motion.
On January 15, 2003, respondent Judge issued an Order5 granting complainant's motion to quash, reasoning thus:
[T]he move and request of accused thru counsel to be present at the preliminary investigation is no longer necessary in view of the WAIVER executed by complainant.
The Motion to Quash or dismiss the charges against accused Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr. is meritorious and in order, considering the execution by complainant of the WAIVER exculpating him of the charges.
The prayer of the accused thru counsel for quashal of the charge against accused Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr. is in order, hence, it is granted.
Let therefore accused Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr. be discharged and removed as accused in the above-mentioned case.
The PNP, Balaoan, La Union, meanwhile is ordered and directed to cause the criminal complaint to exclude accused Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr. from the complaint.
Furnish a copy of this Order to accused and counsel and to the complainant for their information and guidance. xxx
Subsequently, on March 24, 2003, respondent Judge issued another Order, which reads in pertinent part:
Accused's counsel and mother before this case was set for preliminary examination were constantly following for the resolution of the Court on the pleadings filed re: the OMNIBUS MOTION and the counter affidavit of accused Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr. Because of their insistent follow ups, the Court has issued an Order dated January 15, 2003 acting on the pleadings filed. However, when the private complainant, Belinda Enriquez came to Court inquiring into the status of her case, she was informed of the alleged WAIVER she signed before the barangay officials of their place. She alleged that she was forced, coerced and threatened to sign the WAIVER and does not even know its content. So on this information given by the private complainant, on the Order dated January 15, 2003 which was issued and prepared by the Court, there was an instruction to the staff of the Court to withhold and not to be released the Order as it will be cancelled because of the allegation of the private complainant. The Court learned later that the said Order issued and prepared dated January 15, 2003 somewhat leaked or was furnished the accused, Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr. despite orders or instruction to the court's staff to withhold or not to release it.
x x x x x x x x x
In the event that the Order dated January 15, 2003 issued and prepared by the Court leaked or was furnished accused Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr. despite instructions to the court's staff that it be withheld and not to be released as it will be cancelled, the said Order dated January 15, 2003 is now hereby ordered cancelled, annulled and reconsidered.
Furnish a copy each of this Order to the accused, Romeo B. Almojuela, Jr., his counsel Atty. Rolando S. Bala, the private complainant Belinda Enriquez and counsel Atty. Francisco R. Collado and to the Honorable Court Administrator, Supreme Court of the Philippines, Manila for their information and guidance.
SO ORDERED.6
Complainant avers that, as gleaned from the March 24, 2003 Order, respondent Judge privately communicated with Enriquez, during which she told him matters affecting the case. In doing so, he accorded undue consideration to her ex parte allegations regarding the execution of the waiver and, on the basis thereof, directed his staff to withhold the Order dated January 15, 2003.
Complainant further alleges that the March 24, 2003 Order was irregular because the private prosecutor's Opposition to Motion to Quash was filed after the said Motion had already been granted. Worse, herein complainant or his counsel was not furnished copy of the said Opposition.
Complainant, moreover, claims that on February 21, 2003, respondent Judge conducted a preliminary investigation but did not propound searching questions to the private offended party regarding the circumstances surrounding the execution of the Waiver. Respondent Judge further manifested bias against herein complainant when he denied the latter's repeated requests to submit clarificatory questions to Belinda Enriquez.
Respondent Directo filed her Comment dated February 21, 2003,7 wherein she declared that she did not receive any directive from respondent Judge to withhold the January 15, 2003 Order; that she released the Order as part of her ministerial functions; and that she had no official participation in the conduct of the preliminary investigation.
In his Comment dated June 23, 2003,8 respondent Judge alleges that after he issued the Order dated January 15, 2003 granting the Motion to Quash, Belinda Enriquez inquired about the status of the case. When she learned that the complaint had been quashed on the basis of her waiver, she claimed that she was forced, coerced and threatened into signing the same by their Barangay Captain. She asserted that she was not even aware of its contents. Hence, respondent Judge instructed his staff not to release the Order dated January 15, 2003. However, despite such instruction, a copy of the said Order had been furnished the accused.
On March 24, 2003, respondent Judge issued an Order cancelling and annulling the Order of January 15, 2003. He contends that it was still within his authority to do so. Moreover, complainant could have filed a motion for reconsideration, but instead he chose to file an administrative complaint against him, a petition for certiorari and prohibition with the Regional Trial Court of Balaoan, La Union, and a Motion for Inhibition with the Municipal Trial Court of the same town.
Respondent Judge avers that the ex parte hearing referred to by complainant is actually the preliminary examination he conducted to determine probable cause, wherein defense counsel and complainant's mother were present.
The complaint was referred to the Office of the Court Administrator, which submitted its Report to this Court recommending dismissal of the administrative complaint against Amalia L. Directo, and imposition on respondent Judge of a fine in the amount of Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) for Gross Ignorance of the Law and Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) for Violation of Rule 10.03 of the Code of Professional Responsibility.9
Upon being required by this Court, both complainant10 and respondent11 manifested their willingness to submit the case for resolution on the basis of the pleadings filed.
There is no question that the Order of January 15, 2003 granting the Motion to Quash was issued prematurely by respondent Judge. The proper procedure should have been to summon the private offended party to ascertain whether she executed the waiver voluntarily.
It is apparent that respondent Judge is ignorant of the procedure in conducting a preliminary investigation. Evidently he was referring to the old rule where preliminary investigation consisted of two stages, namely: (1) preliminary examination, and (2) preliminary investigation proper. Under Rule 112, Section 3 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, there is now only one stage of preliminary investigation.12
Under the old rules, the preliminary investigation conducted by a municipal judge had two stages: (1) the preliminary examination stage during which the investigating judge determines whether there is reasonable ground to believe that an offense has been committed and the accused is probably guilty thereof, so that a warrant of arrest may be issued and the accused held for trial; and (2) the preliminary investigation proper where the complaint or information is read to the accused after his arrest and he is informed of the substance of the evidence adduced against him, after which he is allowed to present evidence in his favor if he so desires. Presidential Decree 911, upon which the present rule is based, removed the preliminary examination stage and integrated it into the preliminary investigation proper. Now, the proceedings consist only of one stage.13
Every judge is required to observe the law. When the law is sufficiently basic, a judge owes it to his office to simply apply it; and anything less than that would be constitutive of gross ignorance of the law. In short, when the law is so elementary, not to be aware of it constitutes gross ignorance of the law.14 When the inefficiency springs from a failure to consider so basic and elemental a rule, a law or a principle in the discharge of his duties, a judge is either too incompetent and undeserving of the position and title he holds or is too vicious that the oversight or omission was deliberately done in bad faith and in grave abuse of judicial authority.15
Canon 4 of the Canon of Judicial Ethics requires that a judge should be studious of the principles of law; while Canon 18 mandates that he should administer his office with due regard to the integrity of the system of the law itself, remembering that he is not a depositary of arbitrary power, but a judge under the sanction of law.16
The maxim "ignorance of the law excuses no one" has special application to judges, who, under Rule 1.01 of the Code of Judicial Conduct, should be the embodiment of competence, integrity, and independence. It is highly imperative that judges be conversant with the law and basic legal principles.17
In the case at bar, respondent Judge not only failed to perform his judicial duties in accordance with the Rules, but he also acted willfully and in gross disregard of the law and controlling jurisprudence. He was ignorant not only of the scope of his authority to conduct a preliminary investigation but also the procedure to follow in conducting a preliminary investigation.18
Therefore, respondent Judge is guilty of Gross Misconduct, defined as a transgression of some established and definite rule of action, more particularly, unlawful behavior or gross negligence by the public officer.19
Furthermore, he violated Canon 1, Rule 1.03 of the Code of Judicial Conduct, which mandates that a judge should be vigilant against any attempt to subvert the independence of the judiciary and resist any pressure from whatever source. Respondent Judge demonstrated that he was susceptible to external pressure when he stated that "Accused's counsel and mother, before this case was set for hearing were consistently following [up] for the resolution of the Court on the pleadings filed x x x Because of their insistent follow-ups, the Court has issued an Order dated January 15, 2003 acting on the pleadings filed."20
A judge may be held liable for serious misconduct when there is reliable evidence showing that the judicial acts complained of were corrupt or inspired by an intention to violate the law or were in persistent disregard of well-known legal rules. The misconduct must imply wrongful intention and not a mere error of judgment.21
In the case at bar, respondent Judge lacked judicious reasoning and intentionally violated the law when he deliberately rescinded his January 15, 2003 Order with another Order dated March 24, 2003 based on the statements made by Enriquez at a hearing conducted after the charges had already been dismissed. The former had ample opportunity to question the latter during the preliminary investigation regarding the Waiver, yet he grossly neglected to do so and failed in his duty as a public officer.
Rule 140, Section 8 of the Rules of Court, states:
Sec. 8. Serious charges. – Serious charges include:
x x x x x x x x x
3. Gross misconduct constituting violations of the Code of Judicial Conduct;
x x x x x x x x x.
Rule 140, Section 11, in turn, provides:
Sec. 11. Sanctions. – A. If the respondent is guilty of a serious charge, any of the following sanctions may be imposed:
1. Dismissal from the service, forfeiture of all or part of the benefits as the Court may determine, and disqualification from reinstatement or appointment to any public office, including government-owned or controlled corporation: Provided, however, that the forfeiture of benefits shall in no case include accrued leave credits;
2. Suspension from office without salary and other benefits for more than three (3) but not exceeding six (6) months; or
3. A fine of more than P20,000.00 but not exceeding P40,000.00.
x x x x x x x x x.
WHEREFORE, respondent Judge Revelino M. Ringor is found GUILTY of Gross Misconduct. He is ORDERED to pay a FINE in the amount of Twenty-Five Thousand Pesos (P25,000.00) and STERNLY WARNED that a repetition of the same or similar acts shall be dealt with more severely.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Puno, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Sandoval-Gutierrez, Carpio, Austria-Martinez, Carpio-Morales, Callejo, Sr., Azcuna, Tinga, and Chico-Nazario, JJ., concur.
Corona, J., on leave.
Footnotes
1 Rollo, p. 1.
2 Id., pp. 9-10.
3 Id., p. 12.
4 Id., p. 13.
5 Id., p. 18.
6 Id., pp. 20-21.
7 Id., p. 38.
8 Id., p. 39.
9 Rule 10.03 – A lawyer shall observe the rules of procedure and shall not misuse them to defeat the ends of justice.
10 Rollo, p. 78.
11 Id., p. 76.
12 Sales v. Calvan, A.M. No. MTJ-00-1331, 27 February 2002, 378 SCRA 1.
13 Sangguniang Bayan of Batac, Ilocos Norte v. Albano, A.M. No. MTJ-94-1004, 21 August 1996, 260 SCRA 561, 566 (italics in the original).
14 Cañas v. Castigador, G.R. No. 139844, 15 December 2000, 348 SCRA 425, 440.
15 Lim v. Fineza, A.M. No. RTJ-02-1705, 5 May 2003, 402 SCRA 534; citing Monterola v. Caoibes, A.M. No. RTJ-01-1620, 18 March 2002, 379 SCRA 334; Carreon v. Flores, A.M. No. 111-MJ, 30 May 1975, 64 SCRA 238.
16 Jason v. Ygana, 392 Phil. 24 [2000].
17 Borja-Manzano v. Sanchez, A.M. No. MTJ-00-1329, 8 March 2001, 354 SCRA 1,6.
18 Villanueva v. Almazan, 384 Phil. 776 [2000].
19 Imperial v. Santiago, Jr., A.M. No. P-01-1449, 24 February 2003.
20 Id., p. 20; italics ours.
21 Mercado v. Dysangco, A.M. No. MTJ-00-1301, 30 July 2002, 385 SCRA 327, 332; citing Ang Kek Chen v. Judge Andrade, 376 Phil. 136 [1999].
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