We reiterate the well-established rule that findings of fact of the Court of Appeals are conclusive on the parties and are not generally reviewable by this Court when supported by substantial evidence.19 The rationale is that this Court, not being a trier of facts, relies in good part on the assessment and evaluation of evidence by the lower courts. We thus subscribe to the following findings of the Court of Appeals in affirming the NLRC decision, that petitioner’s dismissal was for a just cause:
With respect to the unauthorized use of company funds, there appears to be substantial evidence to show that petitioner indeed is guilty of the same – but only with respect to the reimbursement of plane ticket fares.
Although the cellular phone bill statement with the alleged unauthorized overseas calls were reflected was submitted in evidence, it does not prove that petitioner was the one who made those calls. Petitioner claimed that the said mobile unit was not at all times used by him. This was not controverted by respondents. Furthermore, there was no evidence presented to prove that the recipient of the overseas call was not at all connected with the company as the calls could actually be official business calls. Mere presentation of a cellular phone bill statement would not suffice to charge petitioner with unauthorized use of company phone especially in the light of the memorandum sent by the cellular phone company warning its subscribers of illegal activities perpetuated by unauthorized individuals posing as their employees.
But this cannot be true insofar as the prosecution of the plane tickets of petitioner’s family is concerned. Respondents insist that petitioner submitted these tickets and reimbursed the cost of the same from the respondent corporation without authority or permission from management. On the other hand, petitioner merely denied having reimbursed the costs of the tickets or of using company funds to buy them. We find that petitioner’s denial cannot prevail over the actual presentation of the plane ticket in the name of petitioner and his family and terminal fee stubs bearing three (3) different serial numbers but similarly dated. The possession by respondent corporation of the plane tickets of petitioner’s wife and child clearly shows that the same were submitted to management for reimbursement along with the other transportation expenses of petitioner. Otherwise, there is no way respondent corporation could have gotten hold of the same. Petitioner opted not to explain why these plane tickets were in the possession of respondent corporation. His denials without accompanying proof coupled with his silence on this matter cannot but be taken against him.
We reject petitioner’s contention that the matter of reimbursement of the plane tickets of his family was a mere afterthought, not having been raised by respondent in the original position papers before the labor arbiter. The NLRC acted correctly since technical rules of evidence are not binding in labor cases. Article 221 of the Labor Code provides:
"In any proceeding before the Commission or any of the Labor Arbiters, the rules of evidence prevailing in courts of law or equity shall not be controlling and it is the spirit and intention of this Code that the Commission and its members and the Labor Arbiter shall use every and all reasonable means to ascertain the facts in each case speedily and objectively and without regard to technicalities of law or procedure, all in the interest of due process. xxx"
Thus, in Bristol Laboratories Employees’ Association vs. NLRC,20 this Court upheld the NLRC when it considered additional documentary evidence submitted by the parties on appeal to prove breach of trust and loss of confidence as basis for the dismissal of the petitioner therein. Likewise, in Lopez vs. NLRC,21 we held that, under Article 221 of the Labor Code, the NLRC could validly admit certain documents proving the re-employment of the private respondent although they were presented only on appeal. Technicalities should not be permitted to stand in the way of equitably and completely resolving the rights and obligations of the parties.22
Petitioner was hired by respondent Shemberg Marketing Corporation on May 27, 1996 and was terminated on September 14, 1996. Article 281 of the Labor Code provides:
Probationary employment – Probationary employment shall not exceed six (6) months from the date the employee started working, unless it is covered by an apprenticeship agreement stipulating a longer period. The services of an employee who has been engaged on a probationary basis may be terminated for a just cause or when he fails to qualify as a regular employee in accordance with reasonable standards, made known by the employer to the employee at the time of his engagement. An employee who is allowed to work after a probationary period shall be considered a regular employee.
Petitioner vigorously contends that he was not a probationary employee since Shemberg failed to disclose to him the reasonable standards for qualifying as a regular employee.
This Court notes, however, the evidence on record clearly showing that petitioner was well informed of the standards to be met before he could qualify as a regular employee. This was stated in his appointment paper:
To : Florencio dela Cruz
From : HRD
Re : Appointment
Date : July 8, 1996
We are happy to inform you that you have been hired as Senior Sales Manager – VISMIN effective May 27, 1996. As a matter of company policy your performance shall be periodically evaluated in accordance with performance standards set by the company.
You will be reporting directly to the President and shall maintain coordinating relationship with the AVP’s for TRADING, F & B Division, CUPCO & SHALDAN and their respective Plant Managers.
LILIBETH Y. LLANTO
HRD Manager
Noted by:
ERNESTO U. DACAY, JR.
President
Attached to his appointment paper was the job description of sales manager which read:
JOB DESCRIPTION
Senior Sales Manager
Visayas Mindanao Areas
Shemberg Marketing Corporation
General Functions:
Responsible in (sic) organizing, planning, establishing, and implementing sales policies and procedures for the purpose of attaining sales targets.
Specific Functions:
1. Responsible in (sic) the proper marketing, sales and distribution of products in the assigned area.
2. Handles the monitoring of sales and sees to it that the monthly sales targets are attained.
3. Submits monthly report of sales and collection showing comparison against the budgeted sales targets for evaluation purposes.
4. Does such other functions as may be directed by the President from time to time.
5. Performance subject to evaluation and trial period for six (6) months or more.1âwphi1 (Italics supplied)
A probationary employee is one who, for a given period of time, is under observation and evaluation to determine whether or not he is qualified for permanent employment. During the probationary period, the employer is given the opportunity to observe the skill, competence and attitude of the employee while the latter seeks to prove to the employer that he has the qualifications to meet the reasonable standards for permanent employment. The length of time is immaterial in determining the correlative rights of both the employer and the employee in dealing with each other during said period. 23
There is no dispute that petitioner, as a probationary employee, enjoyed only temporary employment status. In general terms, this meant that he was terminable anytime, permanent employment not having been attained in the meantime. The employer could well decide he no longer needed the probationary employee’s services or his performance fell short of expectations, etc. As long as the termination was made before the expiration of the six-month probationary period, the employer was well within his rights to sever the employer-employee relationship. A contrary interpretation would defect the clear meaning of the term "probationary." In this case, respondent Shemberg had good reason to terminate petitioner’s employment and that was his dishonesty.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is hereby DISMISSED for lack of merit and the decision dated July 11, 2000 of the Court of Appeals is hereby AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Vitug, (Chairman), Sandoval-Gutierrez, and Carpio-Morales, JJ., concur.
Footnotes
1 Penned by Associate Justice Martin S. Villarama, Jr. and concurred in by Associate Justices Salome A. Montoya and Romeo J. Callejo, Sr. (now Associate Justice of the Supreme Court) in CA-G.R. SP No. 57293; Rollo, pp. 27-37.
2 Penned by Commissioner Amorito V. Cañete and concurred in by Presiding Commissioner Irenea E. Ceniza and Commissioner Bernabe S. Batuhan; Original Records, pp. 220-229.
3 Original Records, pp. 265-271.
4 Original Records, pp. 42-43.
5 Original Records, pp. 44-45.
6 Original Records, pp. 78-80.
7 Original Records, pp. 158-164.
8 Original Records, pp. 186-188.
9 Original Records, p. 189.
10 Original Records, p. 190.
11 Original Records, p. 192.
12 Original Records, p. 193.
13 Original Records, pp. 195-202.
14 Original Records, pp. 220-229.
15 Original Records, pp. 265-271.
16 Record from the CA, pp. 227-238.
17 Record from the CA, p. 254.
18 Rollo, pp. 16-17.
19 Such factual findings shall not be disturbed, unless: (1) the conclusion is a finding grounded entirely on speculation, surmise and conjecture; (2) the inference made is manifestly mistaken; (3) there is grave abuse of discretion; (4) the judgment is based on a misapprehension of facts; (5) the findings of fact are conflicting; (6) the Court of Appeals went beyond the issues of the case and its findings are contrary to the admissions of both appellant and appellees; (7) the findings of fact of the Court of Appeals are contrary to those of the trial court; (8) said findings of fact are conclusions without citation of specific evidence on which they are based; (9) the facts set forth in the petition as well as in the petitioner’s main and reply briefs are not disputed by the respondents; and (10) the findings of fact of the Court of Appeals are premised on the supposed absence of evidence and contradicted by the evidence on record. Martinez vs. CA, 358 SCRA 38, 49-50 (2001).
20 187 SCRA 118, 121 [1990].
21 245 SCRA 644, 649 [1995].
22 Philippine-Singapore Ports Corporation vs. NLRC, 218 SCRA 77 [1993].
23 Escorpizo vs. University of Baguio, 306 SCRA 497, 507 [1999].
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