Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. L-7162 December 3, 1912
THE UNITED STATES, plaintiff-appellee,
vs.
TOMAS CUEVA and PLATON CUEVA, defendants-appellants.
Francisco Dominguez, for appellant Platon Cueva.
Attorney-General Villamor, for appellee.
MAPA, J.:
This case was prosecuted for the crime of murder. Upon the evidence adduced therein the Court of First Instance found the two defendants guilty and sentenced them to the penalty of fourteen years eight months and one day of reclusion temporal, to an indemnity of P1,000 to the heirs of the deceased, and to payment of the costs of the trial; from which judgment they appealed to this court. While the appeal was pending the defendant Tomas Cueva died and the case is therefore dismissed with respect to him, wherefore this decision deals only with the of the defendant, Platon Cueva.
And his guilt is certainly proven in the case. The evidence amply demonstrates that said Platon cooperated in the execution of the deed on trial by holding the victim by the right arm while his brother and codefendant inflicted the wounds that produced death. The responsibility he has incurred by virtue of such cooperation, without which the deed could not have been committed in the way it was, is beyond doubt that of principal, as was rightly held in the judgment appealed from.
The Attorney-General maintains in his brief that the crime should be classified as murder and not homicide, from the concurrence in its commissions of the modifying circumstance of treachery (alevosia), for, he maintains, when Platon held the victim by the right arm, he prevented the latter from defending himself, and what is still worse kept him from fleeing from the danger that threatened his life.
In support of his contention the Attorney-General cites the case of U. S. vs. Feria, et al. (2 Phil. Rep., 54), wherein this court laid down the following principle:lawphi1.net
Where the deceased was suddenly seized and held by one defendant while the remaining defendant inflicted mortal wounds upon him, the necessary element of treachery (alevosia) is present, even though the deceased was armed with a pistol at the time of the killing.
The deceased's widow, the only witnesses, relates what she saw, with reference to the way or manner in which the assault was committed in this case, as follows:
"The death," says the witness, occured in that Platon Cueva held his right hand and Tomas caused it; that is, it was he who struck the blow in the left side.
Q. How and in what way?—A. That morning, while I was suckling my infant, my husband went toward the beach, and thereupon I heard the voice of my husband saying to them: `Why are you going to kill me?' and then I saw that my husband was covered with blood and Tomas Cueva was withdrawing a sharp piece of bamboo.
She added immediately that he was withdrawing if from the left side of the deceased and that Platon Cueva was holding him by the right arm.1awphil.net
x x x x x x x x x
Q. Who first reached the place to which you refer, you husband or Tomas?—A. I don't know who arrived first; I only looked there after I had heard my husband's voice saying: "So you're going to kill me?"
Q. It is true, is it, that you knew nothing more about the death of your husband than you heard from him?—itc@alfA. Upon hearing my husband's voice I was at once seized with fear for a day had not passed since the question before the teniente, and in fact when I looked out of the window I saw Tomas pulling the piece of bamboo out of my husband's body and Platon Cueva just letting go of my husband's hand.
From the foregoing it clearly appears that the witness did not see the commencement of the affair or the beginning of the assault that resulted in the death of the victim, for when she looked out of the window of her house, alarmed by the words she had heard him utter, she saw him already covered with blood and that instant one of the defendants was releasing his right arm and the other was withdrawing the weapon with which he had just wounded him in the left side. The witness did not see the whole affair or the way in which it developed, but only one phase of it, or rather the end or conclusion of it. What she saw and averred at the trial does not exclude the possibility that a quarrel or struggle between the deceased and the defendants may have immediately preceded, or at least some dispute that would have put him on his guard as a timely precaution against their assault. Not only does the contrary not appear positively, but it would seem to be inferred from the phrase: "So you're going to kill me? heard by the deceased's wife, that some, that some words of defiance or challenged passed between him and the defendant before he was assaulted. However that be, the fact is that the manner form and circumstance in which the assault began do not appear to be determined in the present case, and, this being so, ground is evidently lacking to establish with certainty that the victim was wounded by one of the defendants while the other was holding him by the right arm, that it was a mere accident of the possible struggle among the participants, and it is therefore impossible to conclude legitimately, in view of this fact alone, accidental at times, and completely destitute in the present case of circumstances and details that might determine its genuine juridical nature, that the defendants acted with treachery or with impunity and without risk to their persons arising from the defense the already forewarned deceased might have offered, as he must have done, to judge from his own words quoted above, against their assault, which essentially constitutes and characterizes the circumstance of alevosia. It is not legally proper to qualify an act as treacherous when details that constitute it and the circumstances that preceded and concurred in its execution do not appear.
The principle laid down by this court in the case of U. S. vs. Feria, which is cited in the Attorney-General's buried, is not applicable here, for the facts in that case and in this are not identical. Therein it was proved in a certain and positive manner, and expressly so stated in the decision, that the victim was caught and held by one of his assailants unexpectedly and suddenly, allowing him, therefore, neither time nor place to prepare his defense, which does not happen in the case at bar, wherein the solitary fact only appears to be proved that one of the defendants was holding the victim by the right arm while he was wounded by the other, without any record, as stated above, either of the circumstances that immediately preceded the exact moment of the affray, or of the manner and conditions whereunder the affair developed and took place, knowledge whereof would be absolutely necessary and indispensable in order to be able to determine with exactness whether that act was or was not treacherous under the law. The suddenness and unexpectedness of the act of seizing and holding the victim, thereby depriving him of any offensive or defensive action from the first instant, are what characterize the treachery in the case against Feria, this being also what distinguishes that case from the present, wherein it does not appear to be definitely demonstrated that the victim was seized and held suddenly or unexpectectedly.
The judgment appealed from is affirmed, with costs of this instance against the appellant.
Arellano, C.J., Johnson, Carson and Trent, JJ., concur.
Separate Opinions
Torres, J., dissenting:
In spite the respect to which the opinion of the majority is entitled, I am wholly of the opinion that the case at bar should be classified as murder, from the concurrence of the specific circumstance of treachery (alevosia), which appears to have been proven at the trial by the testimony of Marciana Mamaboy, who upon hearing from her house the cries of the victim arose and then saw Tomas Cueva at that instant withdrawing from the left side of the victim's abdomen the weapon with which he had attacked him, while Platon Cueva was holding him by the right arm; and that when she went to her husband, who was stretched out on the ground mortally wounded, he told her that Tomas Cueva had inflicted the wounds he had with a sharp-pointed of bamboo, while Platon Cueva had held him by the right arm.
This statement the victim, Jose Tilapan, repeated under oath before the justice of the peace, Antonio Miñosa, who conducted the preliminary investigation, further adding, as he had shortly before said to his wife, that he felt very badly from the severity of his wound and that he was sure he would die from it.
This statement under oath made a few moments before death by a person competent authority, constitutes along with the testimony of the eyewitness Mamaboy complete and definite proof of how the crime was committed.
Since two witnesses watched the commission of the testimony of the crime, one of them the victim himself, whose testimony goes back to the beginning of the assault and is not open to question in view of the circumstances under which it was given; and such proof of the treachery (alevosia) is corroborated by the bad feeling that existed between the assailants and the victim, by the presence of Platon in the commission of the assault and by the bond of relationship that unites them, I therefore believe that the surviving defendant should be found guilty of murder, although in its minimum degree, by the application of article 11 of the Penal Code as last amended.
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