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FIRST DIVISION

April 19, 2017

G.R. No. 201530

ASIATRUST DEVELOPMENT BANK, INC., Petitioners,
vs.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondents

D E C I S I O N

DEL CASTILLO, J.:

An application for tax abatement is deemed approved only upon the issuance of a termination letter by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR).

These consolidated Petitions for Review on Certiorari1 under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court assail the November 16, 2011 Decision2 and the April 16, 2016 Resolution3 of the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) En Banc in CTA EB Case Nos. 614 and 677.

Factual Antecedents

On separate dates in February 2000, Asiatrust Development Bank, Inc. (Asiatrust) received from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) three Formal Letters of Demand (FLD) with Assessment Notices 4 for deficiency internal revenue taxes in the amounts of P131,909,161.85, P83,012,265.78, and

₱l44,012,918.42 for fiscal years ending June 30, 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively.5

On March 17, 2000, Asiatrust timely protested the assessment notices.6

Due to the inaction of the CIR on the protest, Asiatrust filed before the CTA a Petition for Review7 docketed as CTA Case No. 6209 praying for the cancellation of the tax assessments for deficiency income tax, documentary stamp tax (DST) - regular, DST - industry issue, final withholding tax, expanded withholding tax, and fringe benefits tax issued against it by the CIR.

On December 28, 2001, the CIR issued against Asiatrust new Assessment Notices for deficiency taxes in the amounts of ₱l 12,816,258.73, ₱53,314,512.72, and ₱133,013,458.73, covering the fiscal years ending June 30, 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively.8

On the same day, Asiatrust partially paid said deficiency tax assessments thus leaving the following balances:

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Fiscal Year 1996 Documentary Stamp Tax	₱13,497,227.80
Final Withholding Tax – Trust	8,770,265.07
Documentary Stamp Tax - Industry Issue	88,584,931.39
TOTAL	₱110,852,424.26
Fiscal Year 1997 Documentary Stamp Tax	₱10,156,408.63
Documentary Stamp Tax - Industry Issue	39,163,539.57
TOTAL	49,319,948.20
Fiscal year 1998 Documentary Stamp Tax	₱20,425,770.07
Final Withholding Tax – Trust	₱10,183,367.80
Documentary Stamp Tax - Industry Issue	93,430,878.54
TOTAL	₱124,040,016.41	9

On April 19, 2005, the CIR approved Asiatrust's Offer of Compromise of DST - regular assessments for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1996, 1997, and 1998. 10

During the trial, Asiatrust manifested that it availed of the Tax Abatement Program for its deficiency final withholding tax - trust assessments for fiscal years ending June 30, 1996 and 1998; and that on June 29, 2007, it paid the basic taxes in the amounts of P4,187,683.27 and P6,097,825.03 for the said fiscal years, respectively. 11 Asiatrust also claimed that on March 6, 2008, it availed of the provisions of Republic Act (RA) No. 9480, otherwise known as the Tax Amnesty Law of 2007. 12

Ruling of the Court of Tax Appeals Division

On January 20, 2009, the CTA Division rendered a Decision13 partially granting the Petition. The CTA Division declared void the tax assessments for fiscal year ending June 30, 1996 for having been issued beyond the three-year prescriptive period. 14 However, due to the failure of Asiatrust to present

documentary and testimonial evidence to prove its availment of the Tax Abatement Program and the Tax Amnesty Law, the CTA Division affirmed the deficiency DST- Special Savings Account (SSA) assessments for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1997 and 1998 and the deficiency DST - Interbank Call Loans (IBCL) and deficiency final withholding tax - trust assessments for fiscal year ending June 30, 1998, in the total amount of ₱142,777,785.91.15 Thus:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant Petition for Review is hereby PARTIALLY GRANTED. Accordingly, Assessment Notices issued against [ Asiatrust] for deficiency documentary stamp, final withholding, expanded withholding, and fringe benefits tax assessments for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1996 are VOID for being [issued] beyond the prescriptive period allowed by law.

The Assessment Notices issued by [CIR] against [Asiatrust] for deficiency income, documentary stamp - regular, documentary stamp - trust, and fringe benefits tax assessments for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1997 & 1998 are hereby ordered CANCELLED and WITHDRAWN. Moreover, [Asiatrust's] deficiency documentary stamp tax - IBCL assessment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1997 is ordered CANCELLED and WITHDRAWN.

However, [Asiatrust's] deficiency documentary stamp tax - Special Savings Account assessments for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1997 & 1998, and deficiency documentary sta..111p tax - IBCL and deficiency final withholding tax - trust assessments for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1998, in the aggregate amount of ?142,777,785.91 are hereby i\FFIRMED. The said an1ount is broken down as follows:

Fiscal Year 1997
Documentary Stamp Tax - Industry Issue	₱39,163,539.57
Fiscal Year 1998
Final Withholding Tax – Trust	10,183,367.80
Documentary Stamp Tax - Industry Issue	93,430,878.54
Total Deficiency Tax	₱142,777,785.91 ===============

SO ORDERED. 16

Asiatrust filed a Motion for Reconsideration 17 attaching photocopies of its Application for Abatement Program, BIR Payment Form, BIR Tax Payment Deposit Slip, Improved Voluntary Assessment Program Application Forms, Tax Amnesty Return, Tax Amnesty Payment Form, Notice of Availment of Tax Amnesty and Statement of Assets and Liabilities and Networth (SALN) as of June 30, 2005.

The CIR, on the other hand, filed a Motion for Partial Reconsideration of the assessments assailing the CTA Division's finding of prescription and cancellation of assessment notices for deficiency income, DST - regular, DST - trust, and fringe benefit tax for fiscal years ending June 30, 1997 and 1998. 18

On July 6, 2009, the CTA Division issued a Resolution 19 denying the motion of the CIR while partially granting the motion of Asiatrust. The CTA Division refused to consider Asiatrust's availment of the Tax Abatement Program due to its failure to submit a termination letter from the BIR. 20 However, as to Asiatrust's availment of the Tax Amnesty Law, the CTA Division resolved to set the case for hearing for the presentation of the originals of the documents attached to Asiatrust' s motion for reconsideration. 21

Meanwhile, the CIR appealed the January 20, 2009 Decision and the July 6, 2009 Resolution before the CTA En Banc via a Petition for Review22 docketed as CTA EB No. 508. The CTA En Banc however dismissed the Petition for being premature considering that the proceedings before the CT A Division was still pending.23

On December 7, 2009, Asiatrust filed a Manifestation24 informing the CTA Division that the BIR issued a Certification25 dated August 20, 2009 certifying that Asiatrust paid the amounts of ₱4,187,683.27 and ₱6,097,825.03 at the Development Bank of the Philippines in connection with the One-Time Administrative Abatement under Revenue Regulations (RR) No. 15-2006. 26

On March 16, 20l0, the CTA Division rendered an Amended Decision 27 finding that Asiatrust is entitled to the immunities and privileges granted in the Tax Amnesty Law. 28 However, it reiterated its ruling that in the absence of a termination letter from the BIR, it cannot consider Asiatrust's availment of the Tax Abatement Program. 29 Thus, the CTA Division disposed of the case in this wise:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, [Asiatrust's] Motion for Reconsideration is hereby PARTIALLY GRANTED and this Court's Decision dated January 20, 2009 is hereby MODIFIED. Accordingly, the above-captioned case as regards [Asiatrust's] liability for deficiency documentaly stamp tax is CLOSED and TERMINATED, subject to the provisions of R.A. No. 9480. However, (Asiatmst's] liability for deficiency final withholding tax assessment for fiscal year ended June 30, 1998, subject of this litigation, in the amount of ₱l0,183,367.80, is hereby REAFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.30

Still unsatisfied, Asiatrust moved for partial reconsideration31 insisting that the Certification issued by the BIR is sufficient proof of its availment of the Tax Abatement Program considering that the CIR, despite Asiatrust's request, has not yet issued a termination letter. Asiatrust attached to the motion photocopies of its letter'' dated March 17, 2009 requesting the BIR to issue a termination letter, Payment Form 33 BIR Tax Payment Deposit Slips, 34 Improved Voluntary Assessment Program (IV AP) Payment Fonn,35 and a letter36 dated October 17, 2007 issued by Revenue District Officer (RDO) Ms. Clavelina S. Nacar.

On July 28, 2010, the CTA Division issued a Resolution 37 denying Asiatrust's motion. The CTA Division maintained that it cannot consider Asiatrust's availment of the Tax Abatement Program in the absence of a termination letter from the BIR. 38 As to the Certification issued by BIR, the CTA Division noted that it pertains to fiscal period July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996. 39

Both parties appealed to CTA En Banc.

Ruling of the Court of Tax Appeals En Banc

On November 16, 2011, the CTA En Banc denied both appeals. It denied the CIR' s appeal for failure to file a prior motion for reconsideration of the Amended Decision,40 while it denied Asiatrust's appeal for lack of merit.41 The CTA En Banc sustained the ruling of the CT A Division that in the absence of a termination letter, it cannot be established that Asiatrust validly availed of the Tax Abatement Program. 42 As to the Certification issued by the BIR, the CTA En Banc noted that it only covers the fiscal year ending June 30, 1996.43 As to the letter issued by RDO Nacar and the various BIR Tax Payment Deposit Slips, the CTA En Banc pointed out that these have no probative value because these were not authenticated nor formally offered in evidence and are mere photocopies of the purported documents. 44

On April 16, 2012, the CTA En Banc denied the motions for partial reconsideration of the CIR and Asiatrust.45

Issues Hence, the instant consolidated Petitions under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, with the following issues.

G.R. No. 201530

WHETHER XX X THE [CTA] EN BANC ERRED IN FINDING THAT [ASIATRUST] IS LIABLE FOR DEFICIENCY FINAL WITHHOLDING TAX FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1998.

II.

WHETHER X X X THE ORDER OF THE [CTA] EN BANC FOR PETITIONER TO PAY AGAIN THE FINAL WITIIBOLDING TAX FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1998 WOULD AMOUNT TO DOUBLE TAXATION.

III.

WHETHER XX X THE [CTA] EN BANC ERRED IN RESOLVING THE ISSUE OF ALLEGED DEFICIENCY FINAL WrI1ffiOLDING TAX FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1998 BASED ON MERE TECHNICALITIES.46

G.R. Nos. 201680-81

I.

WHETHER XX X THE [CTA] EN BANC COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN IT DISMISSED [THE CIR'S] PETITION FOR REVIEW ON THE GROUND THAT THE LATTER ALLEGEDLY FAILED TO COMPLY WITH SECTION 1, RULE 8 OF THE REVISED RULES OF THE [CTA].

II.

WHETHER X X X THE [CTA] EN BANC COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN IT SUSTAINED THE AMENDED DECISION DATED 16 MARCH 2010 OF THE FIRST DIVISION DECLARING CLOSED AND TERMINATED RESPONDENT'S LIABILITY FOR DEFICIENCY DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX FOR TAXABLE YEARS 1997 AND 1998.47

G.R. No. 201530

Asiatrust's Arguments

Asiatrust contends that the CTA En Banc erred in affirming the assessment for deficiency final withholding tax for fiscal year ending June 30, 1998 considering that it already availed of the Tax Abatement Program as evidenced by the Ce1tification issued by the BIR, the letter issued by RDO Nacar, and the BIR Tax Payment Deposit Slips.48 Asiatrust maintains that the BIR Certification is sufficient proof of its availment of the Tax Abatement Program considering the CIR's unjustifiable refusal to issue a termination letter.49 And although the letter and the BIR Tax Payment Deposit Slips were not formally offered in evidence, Asiatrust insists that the CTA En Banc should have relaxed the rules as the Supreme Court in several cases has relaxed procedural rules in the interest of substantial justice.50 Moreover, Asiatrust posits that since it already paid the basic taxes, the affirmance of the deficiency final withholding tax assessment for fiscal year ending June 30, 1998 would constitute double taxation as Asiatrust would be made to pay the basic tax twice.51

The CIR’s Arguments

The CIR, however, points out that the BIR Certification relied upon by Asiatrust does not cover fiscal year ending June 30, 1998.52 And even if the letter issued by RDO Nacar and the BIR Tax Payment Deposit Slips were admitted in evidence, the result would still be the same as these are not sufficient to prove that Asiatrust validly availed of the Tax Abatement Program. 53

G.R. Nos. 201680-81

The CIR's Arguments

The CIR contends that the CT A En Banc erred in dismissing his appeal for failing to file a motion for reconsideration on the Amended Decision as a perusal of the Amended Decision shows that it is a mere resolution, modifying the original Decision. 54

Furthermore, the CIR claims that Asiatrust is not entitled to a tax amnesty because it failed to submit its income tax returns (ITR’s). 55 The CIR likewise imputes bad faith on the part of Asiatrust in belatedly submitting the documents before the CTA Division. 56

Asiatrust's Arguments

Asiatrust on the other hand argues that the CTA En Banc correctly dismissed the CIR's appeal for failure to file a motion for reconsideration on the Amended Decision.57 It asserts that an amended decision is not a mere resolution but a new decision.58

Asiatrust insists that the CIR can no longer assail the Amended Decision of the CTA Division before the Court 9onsidering the dismissal of his appeal for failing to file a motion for reconsideration on the Amended Decision59 . In any case, Asiatrust claims that the submission of its IIRs is not required as the Tax Amnesty Law only requires the submission of a SALN- as of December 31, 2005.60 As to its belated submission of the documents, Asiatrust contends that recent jurisprudence aJl9ws the presentation of evidence before the (.TA En Banc even after trial. 61 Thus, it follows that the presentation of evidence before the CTA Division should likewise be allowed. 62

Our Ruling

The Petitions lack merit.

G.R. No. 201530

An application for tax abatement is
considered approved only upon the
issuance of a termination letter.

Section 204(B) 63 of the 1997 National lnten1al Revenue Code (NIRC) empowers the CIR to abate or cancel a tax liability.

On September 27, 2006, the BIR issued .RR No. 15-06 prescribing the guidelines on the implementation of the one-time administrative abatement of all penalties/surcharges and interest on delinquent accounts and assessments (preliminary or final, disputed or not) as of .June 30, 2006. Section 4 of RR No. 15-06 provides:

SECTION 4. Who May Avail, - Any person/ taxpayer, natural or juridical, may settle thru this abatement program any delinquent account or assessment which has been released as of June 30, 2006, by paying an

Amount equal to One Hundred Percent (100%) of the Basic Tax assessed with the Accredited Agent Bank (AAB) of the Revenue District Office (RDO)/Large Taxpayers Service (LTS)/Large Taxpayers District Office (LTDO) that has jurisdiction over the taxpayer. In the absence of an AAB, payment may be made with the Revenue Collection Officer/Deputized Treasurer of the RDO that has jurisdiction over the taxpayer. After payment of the basic tax, the assessment for penalties/surcharge and interest shall be cancelled by the concerned BIR Office following existing rules and procedures. Thereafter, the docket of the case shall be forwarded to the Office of the Commissioner, thru the Deputy Commissioner for Operations Group, for issuance of Termination Letter.1âwphi1

Based on the guidelines, the last step in the tax abatement process is the issuance of the termination letter. The presentation of the termination letter is essential as it proves that the taxpayer's application for tax abatement has been approved. Thus, without a termination letter, a tax assessment cannot be considered closed and terminated.

In this case, Asiatrust failed to present a termination letter from the BIR. Instead, it presented a Certification issued by the BIR to prove that it availed of the Tax Abatement Program and paid the basic tax. It also attached copies of its BIR Tax Payment Deposit Slips and a Jetter issued by RDO Nacar. These documents, however, do not prove that Asiatrust's application for tax abatement has been approved. If at all, these documents only prove Asiatrust's payment of basic taxes, which is not a ground to consider its deficiency tax assessment closed and terminated.

Since no tennination letter has been issued by the BIR, there is no reason for the Court to consider as closed and terminated the tax assessment on Asiatrust's final withholding tax for fiscal year ending June 30, 1998. Asiatrust's application for tax abatement will be deemed approved only upon the issuance of a tem1ination letter, and only then will the deficiency tax assessment be considered closed and terminated. However, in case Asiatrust's application for tax abatement is denied, any payment made by it would be applied to its outstanding tax liability. For this reason, Asiatrust's allegation of double taxation must also fail.

Thus, the Court finds no error on the part of the CTA En Banc in affirming the said tax assessment.

G.R. Nos. 201680-81

An appeal to the CTA En Banc
must be preceded by the filing of a
timely motion for reconsideration or
new trial with the CTA Division.

Section 1, Rule 8 of the Revised Rules of the CTA states:

SECTION 1. Review of cases in the Court en bane. - In cases falling under the exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the Court en bane, the petition for review of a decision or resolution of the Court in Division must be preceded by the filing of a timely motion for reconsideration or new trial with the Division.

Thus, in order for the CTA En Banc to take cognizance of an appeal via a petition for review, a timely motion for reconsideration or new trial must first be filed with the CTA Division that issued the assailed decision or resolution. Failure to do so is a ground for the dismissal of the appeal as the word "must" indicates that the filing of a prior motion is mandatory, and not merely directory. 64

The same is true in the case of an amended decision. Section 3, Rule 14 of the same rules defines an amended decision as "[a]ny action modifying or reversing a decision of the Court en bane or in Division." As explained in CE Luzon Geothermal Power Company, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 65 an amended decision is a different decision, and thus, is a· proper subject of a motion for reconsideration.

In this case, the CIR's failure to move for a reconsideration of the Amended Decision of the CTA Division is a ground for the dismissal of its Petition for Review before the CTA En Banc. Thus, the CTA En .Banc did not err in denying the CIR's appeal on procedural grounds.

Due to this procedural lapse, the Amended Decision has attained finality insofar as the CIR is concerned. The CIR, therefore, may no longer question the merits of the case before this Court. Accordingly, there is no reason for the Court to discuss the other issues raised by the CIR.

As the Court has often held, procedural rules exist to be followed, not to be trifled with, and thus, may be relaxed only for the most persuasive reasons. 66

WHEREFORE, the Petitions are hereby DENIED. The assailed November 16, 2011 Decision and the April 16, 2012 Resolution of the Court of Tax Appeals En .Banc in CTA EB Case Nos. 614 and 677 are hereby AFFIRMED, without prejudice to the action of the Bureau of Internal Revenue on Asiatrust Development Bank, Inc.'s application for abatement. The Bureau of Internal Revenue is DIRECTED to act on Asiatrust Development Bank, Inc.'s application for abatement in view of Section 5, Revenue Regulations No. 13-2001.

SO ORDERED.

MARIANO C. DEL CASTILLO,
Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO
Chief Justice
Chairperson

TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO Associate Justice

ESTELA M. PERLAS-BERNABE Associate Justice

ALFREDO BENJAMIN S. CAGUIOA
Associate Justice

C E R T I F I C A T I O N

Pursuant to the Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution and the Division Chairperson’s Attestation, I certify that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.

MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO
Chief Justice

Footnotes

1 Rollo (G.R. No. 201530), pp. 3.23 and rollo (G.R. Nos. 201680·81). pp. 122-148.

2 Id. (G.R. No. 201530), pp. 24-51; penned by Associate Justice Esperanza R. Fabon-Victorino and concurred in by Presiding Justice Ernesto D. Acosta and Associate Justices Olga Palanca-Enriquez and Cielito N. Mindaro-Grulla; Associate Justice Juanito C. Castañeda with Concurring and Dissenting Opinion, id. at 52·54; Associate Justice Lovell R. Bautista Jr. with Separate Opinion, id. at 55-63; Associate Justices Erlinda P. Uy and Caesar A. Cas1010va c01icur with the Separate Opinion of Associate Justice Lovell R. Bautista, Jr.; Justice Amelia R. Cotangco-Manalastas on Official Business.

3 Id. at 66-75.

4 CTA Division rollo, Vol. l, pp. 211-292.

5 Id. Vol. II, pp. 737-738.

6 Id.

7 Id. Vol. I, pp. 1-21.

8 Id. Vol. 11, p. 741.

9 Id. at 741-742.

10 Id. at 742.

11 Id. Vol. 1, pp. 482 ru1d 690 and Vol. II, pp. 742-743 and 754.

12 Id. at Vol. L pp. 702-703 and Vol. II, p. 756.

13 Id. at Vol. JI, pp. 736-758; pe1med by Associate Justice Caesar A Casru1ova and concurred in by Presiding Justice Ernesto D. Acosta and Associate Justice Lovell R. Bautista.

14 Id. at 747-749.

15 Id. at 754-756.

16 Id. at 756-757.

17 Id. at 778-796.

18 Id. at 759-777.

19 ld.at817-822.

20 Id. at 821.

21 Id. at 821-822.

22 Id. at 1048-1081.

23 Id. at 1084-1097: penned by Associate Justice Erlinda P. Uy and concurred in by Presiding Justice Ernesto D. Acosta, Associate Justices Juanito C. Castaneda, Lovell R. Bautista, and Olga Palanca-Enriquez; Associate Justice Caesar A Casanova on leave.

Note: The CIR elevated the case to the Supreme Court via a Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, docketed as O.R. No. 193209. On October 13, 2010, the Supreme Court denied the petition for failure to show any reversible error in the assailed judgment. TI1e CIR moved for reconsideration but the Supreme Court denied the same On February 11, 2011, the Supreme Court issued an Entry of Judgment. (rollo (G.R. No. 201530), pp. 363.)

24 CTA Division rollo, Vol. II, pp. 962-964.

25 Id. at 975 (Exhibit "J").

26 Implementing a One-Time Administrative Abatement of all Penalties/Surcharges and lnterest on Delinquent Account5 and Assessments (Preliminary or Final. Disputed or Not) as of June 30, 2006. Revenue Regulations No. 15-06, (August 18, 2006).

27 CTA Division rollo, Vol. 11, pp. 981-986.

28 Id. at 984-985.

29 Id. at 984 and 986.

30 Id. at 986.

31 Id. at 1001-1008.

32 Id. at 1009-1010.

33 Id. at 1015.

34 Id. at 1013-1014.

35 Id. at 1016.

36 Id. at 1012.

Note: The letter informed Asiatrust that it is not qualified to avail of IVAP. However, the payments it made qualified it for the One-Time Administrative Abatement of all penalties/surcharge and interest. Accordingly, Asiatrust was advised to file the correct set of Payment and Application Form.

37 Id. at 1132-1136.

38 Id. at 1133-1135.

39 Id. at 1135.

40 Rollo (G.R. No. 201530), pp. 43-45.

41 Id. at 50.

42 Id. at 49-50.

43 Id. at46.

44 Id. at 46-47.

45 Id. at 74.

46 Id. at IO.

47 Rollo (G.R. Nos. 201680-81), pp. 132-133.

48 Id. (G.R. No. 201530), pp. 365-375.

49 Id. at 370-372.

50 Id. at 366-370.

51 Id. at 372-374.

52 Id. at 419-420.

53 Id. at 423-427.

54 Id. at409.

55 Id. at411-414.

56 Id. at4I4-4I9.

57 Id. at 379-383,

58 Id. at 383-384.

59 Id. at 390.

60 Id. at 386-387.

61 Id, at 388-390.

62 Id.

SEC 204. Authority of the commissioner to comprise, Abate and Refund or Credit Taxes, - xxx

(B) Abate or cancel a tax liability when:

(1) The tax or nay portion thereof appears to be unjustly or excessively assessed: or

(2) The administration and Collection costs involved do not justify the collection of the amount due.

All criminal violations may be compromised except: (a) those already filed the court, or (b) those involved fraud. x x x x

64 Commissioner of Customs v. Marina Sales, Inc., 650 Phil. 143, 151-152 (2010).

65 G.R Nos. 200841-42, August 26, 2015, 768 SCRA 269, 275.

66 Commissioner of Customs v. Marina Sales, Inc., supra at 152.

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